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Transitional Cell Carcinoma

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Transitional Cell Carcinoma

Transitional Cell Carcinoma

Train-station with Car-gnome-train
AnnaKreativina
7 KEY FACTS
Most Common Cause Of Lower Urinary Tract Cancer
Number-one-foam-finger

The lower urinary tract comprises all the structures that are lined by specialized transitional epithelium called urothelium: renal pelves, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Transitional cell carcinoma is the most common form of lower urinary tract cancer, most commonly involving the bladder.

RISK FACTORS
Cyclophosphamide
Cyclops-phosphate-P

Long term use of cyclophosphamide is a well-known risk factor for urothelial carcinoma.

P-SAC
Pee Sac

A useful mnemonic to remember the risk factors for urothelial carcinoma is the acronym: P-SAC. Phenacetin: a banned analgesic. Smoking: primary risk factor. Aniline: compound used in rubber/dye manufacturing. Cyclophosphamide: cytotoxic medicine used in cancer and autoimmune conditions.

Cigarette Smoke
Cigarrette smoke

Cigarette smoke is the major risk factor (due to the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and also due to the presence of naphthylamine).

Azo Dyes, Alcohol, Anilines (Dyes, Rubber)
Azo-dyes, alcohol

Additional risk factors includes: azo dyes, aniline exposure, alcohol abuse.

Older Adult
Older Adult

Urothelial carcinoma is generally seen in older adults, mostly occurring in those over 65 years of age.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Painless Hematuria
Red-urinal with no-pain sign

Usually presents as painless hematuria. Terminal hematuria (end of voiding) suggests bleeding from the bladder. Other urinary symptoms, such as frequency, urgency, and dysuria, can also be seen, but most patients are asymptomatic in the early stages.

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