Right-to-left Shunt Mnemonic for Effective Learning

This defect occurs when the aorticopulmonary septum fails to form due to improper migration of neural crest cells. Both the right and left ventricle pump mixed blood into the pulmonary and systemic circulation via the single vessel.

In transposition of the great vessels, the aorta will arise from the right ventricle while the pulmonary artery stems from the left ventricle. A commonly tested maternal risk factor for this defect is diabetes mellitus.

In tricuspid atresia, there is a complete absence of the tricuspid valve. With no connection between the right atrium and ventricle, the right ventricle is hypoplastic and there is no way for returning venous blood to be oxygenated in the lungs or distributed to the body. To be compatible with life, both an atrial septal defect (ASD) and a ventricular septal defect (VSD) must accompany tricuspid atresia. The ASD allows blood to be pumped into the left ventricle, while the VSD allows blood to travel to the pulmonary arteries.

The most common right to left shunt, TOF refers to a constellation of 4 defects which include: Pulmonary infundibular or valvular stenosis, VSD, right ventricular hypertrophy, and an overriding aorta. The severity of TOF is measured by the degree of pulmonary valve stenosis. When pulmonary circulatory pressure increases (i.e. physical activity, crying) and exacerbates the shunt, children with TOF learn to squat down to increase their systemic vascular resistance and temporarily reverse their shunt by pushing left sided blood into pulmonary circulation.

Pulmonary veins normally return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium so it can be distributed. With TAPVR (total anomalous pulmonary venous return), the pulmonary veins connect with the right side of the heart (right atrium, vena cavae, etc.), leading to a closed loop of venous blood flow. Thus, the oxygenated blood leaving the pulmonary veins is not circulated to the left side of the heart. An atrial septal defect (ASD) must be present for TAPVR to be compatible with life.

These heart defects often manifest as “blue babies” at birth due to oxygen-poor blood from the right heart being distributed systemically by the left heart, dropping total oxygen saturation (SaO2) of the child’s blood.

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a type of left to right heart shunt, and in the case of right to left shunts, maintaining its patency temporarily with prostaglandins, or permanently with surgery, is cardioprotective. Maintaining the patency of a PDA allows for oxygenated blood to reach systemic circulation.