Master Heart Failure with a Mnemonic

Left ventricular dysfunction prevents normal, forward blood flow from occurring and thus, the blood backs up into the left atrium and pulmonary veins. This increase in pulmonary pressure results in fluid leakage from the pulmonary capillary bed into the interstitium and alveoli causing pulmonary congestion.

Right-sided heart failure occurs when the right ventricle fails to contract effectively. The primary cause is from left-sided heart failure in which the increase in pulmonary congestion eventually results in chronic pulmonary hypertension (increased right ventricular afterload) leading to right-sided hypertrophy and heart failure.

Peripheral edema is a classic sign of right-sided heart failure as a result of the backup of blood into the right atrium and venous circulation. Other manifestations include jugular vein distention, hepatosplenomegaly, and vascular congestion of the GI tract.

High output heart failure occurs when the body’s need for blood is unusually high in a normally functioning heart. So although the heart may be working well otherwise, it cannot pump out enough blood to keep up with the extra demands.

A variety of conditions can significantly increase the body’s need for blood and oxygen, resulting in high output heart failure, but the end result is the heart being unable to meet the body’s metabolic needs. Such conditions include severe anemia, hyperthyroidism, sepsis, arteriovenous fistula, beriberi (thiamine or Vitamin B1 deficiency), and Paget’s disease.