Master Cellular Adaptation with Picmonic for Medicine

The increased size in hypertrophy occurs due to increased structural proteins and organelles. The increase in stress leads to an increase in cell size.

Atrophy is described as a decreased size of cells. The cause of this cell type is disuse, decreased blood supply, or decreased hormone stimulation. One of the samples of this is the cytoskeleton degradation via ubiquitin-proteasome.

The decreased size in atrophy occurs due to a decrease in protein synthesis and/or the number of cells due to apoptosis. The decrease in stress leads to a decrease in cell size.

Hyperplasia is described as an increased number of cells. An example of this is endometrial hyperplasia, which may advance to dysplasia and cancer.

An increased number of cells in hyperplasia occurs due to excessive stimulation of the proliferation of stem cells and differentiated cells.

Metaplasia is described as the conversion of a cell into another type of cell. An example of this is the malignant transformation in Barrett's esophagus.

This conversion occurs due to a change in stress on the cell, resulting in a change in a cell type called metaplastic cells. The metaplastic cells can handle the new stress better than the previous cell type.

Dysplasia is described as a precancerous cell. An example of this case is the cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. It is a type of dysplasia that can lead to cervical cancer.

Dysplasia is not considered a true adaptive response like hypertrophy and other cellular adaptations. Dysplasia is reversible if the inciting stress is alleviated, and it can be irreversible or continue to progress if the stress remains.