Rhinovirus
- Picornavirus
 - Cause of Common Cold
 - More than 100 Serologic Types
 - Destroyed by Stomach Acid
 
Picornavirus
- Non-enveloped
 - RNA Virus
 - Icosahedral
 - Positive Sense
 - A large polypeptide cleaved by proteases
 - Rhinovirus
 - Poliovirus
 - Coxsackievirus
 - Hepatitis A Virus
 - Echovirus
 - Aseptic meningitis
 
Coronavirus
- RNA Virus
 - Enveloped
 - Helical
 - SS Positive Linear
 - Common Cold
 - SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)
 
Coxsackievirus
- Picornavirus
 - Coxsackie A
 - Febrile Pharyngitis
 - Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease
 - Most Common Cause of Aseptic Meningitis
 - Late Summer
 - Coxsackie B
 - Myocarditis
 - Dilated Cardiomyopathy
 - Type 1 Diabetes
 
Epstein Barr Virus Mononucleosis
- Mononucleosis
 - Fever
 - Hepatomegaly
 - Splenomegaly
 - Pharyngitis
 - Posterior Cervical Lymphadenopathy
 - Atypical Lymphocytes
 - Heterophile Antibodies
 - Rash Develops if treated with Ampicillin
 - Hodgkin's Lymphoma
 
Adenovirus
- Non-enveloped
 - Icosahedral
 - Linear
 - Double Stranded DNA
 - Pharyngitis
 - Conjunctivitis
 - Fever
 - Summer Swimming
 - Day Care Centers
 - Acute Hemorrhagic Cystitis
 - Pneumonia
 
Streptococcus Pyogenes Disease
- Pyogenic
 - Pyogenic Pharyngitis
 - Impetigo
 - Cellulitis
 - Toxigenic
 - Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome
 - Scarlet Fever
 - Sandpaper Rash
 - Strawberry Tongue
 - Immunologic
 - Rheumatic Fever
 - Antibodies to M Protein
 - Acute Glomerulonephritis (Post Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis)
 
Moraxella catarrhalis
- Gram-Negative
 - Diplococci
 - Oxidase-positive
 - Catalase-positive
 - Otitis Media
 - Sinusitis
 - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
 - Bronchitis
 - Laryngitis
 
Chronic Bronchitis
- Chronic Inflammation of Bronchi
 - Early-Onset Cyanosis
 - Blue Bloaters
 - Productive Cough
 - Wheezing
 - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
 - Late-Onset Dyspnea
 - Crackles
 - Reid Index > 50%
 
Chronic Bronchitis Interventions
- Tripod Position
 - Humidified Oxygen
 - Pursed Lip Breathing
 - Increase Fluid Intake
 - ABGs
 - Early Detection of Exacerbation
 - Lowest O2 Therapy
 - Assisted Ventilation
 - Increased Infection Risk
 
Paramyxovirus
- Enveloped
 - RNA Virus
 - Helical
 - SS Negative Linear
 - Nonsegmented
 - Surface Fusion Protein Causes Multinucleated Cells
 - Measles
 - Mumps
 - Bronchiolitis in Babies
 - Parainfluenza
 - Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
 
Bronchiectasis
- Obstructive Lung Disease
 - Chronic Necrotizing Infection
 - Permanent Airway Dilation
 - Poor Ciliary Motility
 - Kartagener's Syndrome
 - Cystic Fibrosis
 - Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
 - Hemoptysis
 - Increased Sputum
 
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Assessment
- Viral Infection Affecting Epithelial Cells
 - Begins After a Upper Respiratory Infection
 - Copious Secretions
 - Coughing and Sneezing
 - Wheezing
 - Otitis Media or Conjunctivitis (Possible Ear or Eye Drainage)
 - Poor Feeding
 - Tachypnea
 
Influenza Virus
- RNA Virus
 - Orthomyxovirus
 - Enveloped
 - Negative Sense
 - 8 Segments
 - Helical
 - Hemagglutinin for Viral Entry
 - Neuraminidase for Virion Release
 - Genetic Shift
 - Reassortment of genome to cause major change
 - Genetic Drift
 - Minor Antigenic Mutations
 - Reye Syndrome with Aspirin Use
 - Guillain-Barre Syndrome
 
Legionella Characteristics
- Bacillus
 - Poor Gram Stain
 - Charcoal Yeast with Iron and Cysteine
 - Silver Stain
 - Water Sources
 - Smokers and Heavy Drinkers
 - Detect Antigen in Urine
 
Legionella Disease
- High Fever
 - Diarrhea
 - Increased Liver Enzymes
 - Hyponatremia
 - Type IV Renal Tubular Acidosis
 - Severe Atypical Pneumonia
 - Pontiac Fever
 - Fluoroquinolones
 - Macrolides
 
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
- No Cell Wall and No Gram Stain
 - Cholesterol Membrane
 - Eaton's Agar
 - Mulberry Colonies
 - Atypical pneumonia
 - Military Recruits
 - Cold IgM Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
 - Erythema Multiforme
 - Tetracycline
 - Erythromycin
 
Streptococcus Pneumoniae Disease
- Sickle Cell Anemia
 - Sepsis in Patients with Splenectomy
 - Rusty Sputum
 - MOPS
 - Meningitis
 - Otitis Media
 - Pneumonia
 - Sinusitis
 
Streptococcus Pneumoniae Characteristics
- Gram-Positive
 - Diplococci
 - Lancet-Shaped
 - Catalase-Negative
 - Optochin-Sensitive
 - Bile Soluble
 - Alpha-Hemolytic
 - Polysaccharide Capsule
 - Positive Quellung Reaction
 - IgA Protease
 
Coxiella burnetii
- Gram Negative Bacteria
 - Intracellular
 - Aerosol Transmission
 - Affects Animal Handlers
 - Q Fever
 - Flu-like Symptoms
 - Atypical Pneumonia
 - Hepatitis
 - Endocarditis
 - Serology
 - Doxycycline
 
Pneumocystis jirovecii
- Fungi
 - AIDS/Immunocompromised
 - Fever
 - Hypoxemia
 - Bronchoalveolar Lavage
 - Biopsy
 - Methenamine Silver Stain
 - Saucer/cup shaped yeast forms
 - Diffuse interstitial pneumonia CXR
 - TMP-SMX
 - Start prophylaxis when CD4 drops under 200
 
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Characteristics
- Mycolic Acid Cell Wall
 - Acid-Fast
 - Carbol Fuchsin Stain Red
 - Lowenstein-Jensen Agar
 - Serpentine Cord Factor
 - Primary TB
 - Caseating Granuloma
 - Ghon Focus
 - Hilar Lymph Nodes
 - Ghon Complex
 - Reactivation TB
 - Reactivation in Apex
 
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Disease
- Fever
 - Night Sweats
 - Weight Loss
 - Hemoptysis
 - Extrapulmonary Disease
 - Addison's Disease
 - CNS
 - Liver
 - Kidneys
 - GI
 - Bones
 - Pott's Disease
 
Tuberculosis Intervention
- Airborne Isolation
 - Combination Drug Therapy (RIPE)
 - 6-12 Months
 - DOT
 - BCG Vaccination
 - Medication Education
 - 3 Negative Sputum Specimens
 - Infection Control
 
Ghon Complex
- Calcified Focus of Infection
 - Hilar Lymph Nodes
 - Primary Tuberculosis
 - Typically in Children
 
Tuberculosis Skin Mantoux Test (PPD)
- Delayed Hypersensitivity (Cell Mediated Response)
 - Intradermal Injection
 - Read 48-72 hours
 - ≥ 5 mm Induration
 - Immunosuppressed
 - ≥ 10 mm Induration
 - High Risk Patients
 - ≥ 15 mm Induration
 - Chest X-Ray
 
Chlamydia
- Chlamydia trachomatis
 - May Be Asymptomatic
 - Dysuria
 - Epididymitis
 - Discharge
 - Dyspareunia
 - Doxycycline
 - Azithromycin
 - No Intercourse for 1 Week
 - Treat Partners
 
Chlamydia Characteristics
- Cannot Make ATP
 - Elementary Body Infects
 - Intraepithelial
 - Reticulate Body Replicates
 - Cell Wall Lacks Muramic Acid
 - Giemsa Stain
 - Inclusion Bodies
 - Doxycycline  (Preferred)
 - Azithromycin
 
Chlamydia trachomatis
- A to C
 - Trachoma
 - Follicular Conjunctivitis
 - Blindness
 - Africa
 - L1 to 3
 - Lymphogranuloma venereum
 - Buboes
 - Genital Ulcer
 - D to K
 - Urethritis and PID
 - Neonatal Pneumonia
 - Staccato Cough
 - Neonatal Conjunctivitis
 
Aspergillus fumigatus
- Fungi
 - Monomorphic
 - Septate Hyphae
 - Branch at Acute Angles
 - Fruiting Bodies
 - Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA)
 - Eosinophilia
 - Increased IgE
 - Glucocorticoids +/- Azoles
 - Pulmonary Aspergillosis
 - TB Cavity
 - Lung Aspergilloma
 - Hemoptysis
 - Invasive Aspergillosis
 - AIDS/Immunocompromised
 - Chronic Granulomatous Disease
 - Hemorrhagic Infarction
 - Necrotizing Bronchopneumonia
 - Voriconazole +/- Caspofungin
 
Nocardia
- Aerobic
 - Gram-Positive
 - Catalase-Positive
 - Urease-Positive
 - Acid Fast
 - Branching
 - Beaded Filament
 - AIDS/Immunocompromised
 - Soil
 - Lung Cavitation
 - Brain Abscess
 - Kidney Abscess
 - TMP-SMX
 
Bacillus Anthracis (Anthrax) Characteristics
- Gram-Positive
 - Spore-Forming
 - D-glutamate Polypeptide Capsule
 - Protective Antigen
 - Lethal Toxin
 - Edema Factor
 - Increased cAMP
 
Bacillus Anthracis (Anthrax) Disease
- Cutaneous
 - Painless Black Eschar (Necrotic Lesion)
 - Pulmonary
 - Mediastinal Widening
 - Rapidly Fatal
 - Woolsorter's Disease
 - Gastrointestinal
 - Consuming Anthrax-infected Meat
 
Rhinosinusitis Assessment
- Sinus Obstruction
 - Nasal Drainage
 - Facial Pain
 - Lower Forehead
 - Cheeks
 - Nose
 - Retro-orbital
 - Fever
 - Persistent Symptoms
 
Atypical Pneumonia
- Diffuse Patchy Inflammation
 - Interstitial Pattern
 - "Walking Pneumonia"
 - Mycoplasma pneumoniae
 - Chlamydia pneumoniae
 - Legionella pneumophila
 - Adenovirus
 - Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
 - Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
 - Influenza
 - Dry Cough
 - Macrolides