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Physician Assistant (PA)
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Neurology, Ophthalmology & Otology
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Other Ophthalmologic Disorders

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Neurology, Ophthalmology & Otology | Physician Assistant (PA) School Study Aid

Other Ophthalmologic Disorders
17 Picmonics to Learn | 42 mins
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
Mechanism
Dry (nonexudative)
Wet (exudative)
Signs and Symptoms
Scotomas
Blurred, Darkened Vision
Loss of Central Vision
Distortion of Vision
Considerations
Drug Therapy
Surgery
Low-vision Assistive Devices
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2 mins
Detached Retina
Assessment
Flashes of Light
Floaters
Curtain Like Shadow
Interventions
Eye Patch
Bed Rest
Surgical Emergency
Considerations
No Vigorous Activity
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2 mins
Cataract
Mechanism
Age-related
Assessment
No Pain
Cloudy Opaque Lens
Decreased Visual Acuity
Occurs Gradually
Treatment
Surgery
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1 min
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
Etiologies
Hypercoagulability
Hypertension
Diabetes Mellitus
Clinical Features
Non-Ischemic
Mild to Moderate Vision Loss
Sparse Dot-blot and Flame Hemorrhages
Ischemic
Sudden, Painless Vision Loss
"Blood and Thunder" Appearance
Cotton Wool Spots
Papilledema
Interventions
Observation if Non-Ischemic
Laser Photocoagulation
VEGF Inhibitors
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3 mins
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
Etiology
Atherosclerosis
Atrial Fibrillation
Giant Cell (Temporal) Arteritis
Clinical Features
Sudden Painless Monocular Vision Loss
Descending Curtain
Fundoscopic Findings
Retinal Plaques
Grayish Retinal Discoloration
Cherry Red Spot on Macula
Diagnosis
Ultrasound
Interventions
Ocular Massage
Reduce Intraocular Pressure
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3 mins
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia
ETIOLOGY
Multiple Sclerosis
Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus
Mechanism
CN VI Nucleus
CN III Nucleus
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2 mins
Horner Syndrome
Pathophysiology
Sympathetic Disruption
Hypothalamus
Ciliospinal Center
Superior Cervical Ganglion
Ocular Muscles
Clinical Triad
Ptosis
Anhidrosis
Miosis
Diagnosis
Diagnosis by Clinical Impression
MRI
Management
Treat Underlying Disorders
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3 mins
Hypertensive Retinopathy
Etiology
Chronic Hypertension
Fundoscopic Findings
Flame Hemorrhages
Arteriovenous Nicking
Retinal Microaneurysms
Cotton Wool Spots
Macular Star
Papilledema
Treatment
Lower Blood Pressure
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2 mins
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Characteristics
Hereditary Retinal Degeneration
Clinical Features
Night Blindness
Contrast and Color Defects
Tunnel Vision
Associations
Abetalipoproteinemia
Kearns-Sayre Syndrome
Refsum Disease
Diagnosis
Bone Spicule-shaped Retinal Deposits
Considerations
Permanent Blindness
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2 mins
Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
Characteristics
Mitochondrial Disease
Optic Atrophy
Adolescent Males
Symptoms/Findings
Painless Vision Loss
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1 min
Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
Characteristics
Increased Capillary Permeability and Leakage
Often Asymptomatic
Fundoscopic Findings
Retinal Microaneurysms
Flame-shaped Hemorrhages
Cotton Wool Spots
Hard Exudates
Macular Edema
Management
Treat Diabetes
Laser Photocoagulation
Bevacizumab
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3 mins
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
Characteristics
Angiogenesis
Increased VEGF
Asymptomatic Until Late-stage
Fundoscopic Findings
Vitreous Hemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
Glaucoma
Findings of Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
Management
Laser Photocoagulation
Surgery
Bevacizumab
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2 mins
Nystagmus
Pathophysiology
Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex (VOR) Dysfunction
Vestibular Injury
Signs & Symptoms
Concussion
Upbeating or Horizontal Beating Eyes
Oscillopsia
Diagnosis
HINTS (Head Impulse-Nystagmus-Test of Skew)
History Examination
INFARCT (Impulse Normal Fast-phase Alternating Refixation on Cover Test)
Visual Acuity Test
Treatment
Brandt-Daroff Maneuver
Epley Maneuver
Baclofen
Considerations
Congenital vs Acquired
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4 mins
Internal Eye Abnormalities
Lens Opacities
Nuclear Cataract
Cortical Cataract
Optic Disc Abnormalities
Papilledema
Optic Atrophy
Excessive Cup-Disc Ratio
Visual Field Loss
Macular Degeneration
Scotomas
Increased Ocular Pressure
Retinal Detachment
Optic Tract Lesions
Vascular Abnormalities of the Retina
Arteriovenous Crossing
Attenuated Arteries
Diabetic Retinopathy
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4 mins
External Eye Abnormalities
Extraocular Muscle Dysfunction
Strabismus
Eyelid Abnormalities
Exophthalmos
Ptosis
Ectropion
Entropion
eyelid lesions
Blepharitis
Dacryocystitis
Hordeolum (Stye)
Chalazion
Pupil Abnormalities
Anisocoria
Mydriasis
Miosis
Abnormalities on Cornea and Iris
Pterygium
Hyphema
Hypopyon
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4 mins
Common Eye Disorders
Common Eye Disorders
Conjunctivitis
Refractive Errors
Presbyopia
Cataract
Glaucoma
Uveitis
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Diabetic Retinopathy
Retinal Detachment
Leukocoria
Cranial Nerve Palsies
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4 mins
Retinoblastoma
Characteristics
Loss of Heterozygosity
Chromosome 13
Children
Presentation
Leukocoria
Strabismus
Vision Loss
Association
Osteosarcoma
Diagnosis
Genetic Testing
Management
Cryotherapy
Photocoagulation
Chemotherapy or Radiation
Surgery
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3 mins

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