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Embryology

First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 (2021)

9 - Gastrointestinal

Foregut Structures, Blood Supply and Innervation

Structures

Esophagus

Which of the following structures is most likely derived from the embryological foregut?

Proximal Duodenum

Liver

Gallbladder

Pancreas

Spleen

Which of the following structures most likely shares a common blood supply with foregut structures?

Vascular Supply

Vagus Nerve

Which of the following most likely provides primary innervation to the foregut?

Celiac Artery

Which of the following structures most likely supplies blood to the structures of the foregut?

Innervation

Lower Respiratory Tract

Stomach

Midgut Structures, Blood Supply and Innervation

Distal Duodenum

Which of the following structures marks the beginning of the midgut?

Proximal 2/3 of Transverse Colon

Which of the following structures marks the end of the embryological midgut?

Which of the following provides primary parasympathetic innervation to the midgut?

Superior Mesenteric Artery

From which of the following does the midgut receive most of its vascular supply?

Ileum

Which of the following structures is part of the embryological midgut?

Jejunum

Ascending Colon

Which of the following midgut structures is retroperitoneal?

Appendix

A patient presents with periumbilical abdominal pain that has now moved to the right lower quadrant. Which of the following midgut structures is most likely affected?

Lesser Splanchnic Nerve

Which of the following provides primary sympathetic innervation to the midgut?

Hindgut Structures, Blood Supply and Innervation

Distal 1/3 of Transverse Colon

Which of the following structures is most likely associated with the hindgut?

Rectum

Inferior Mesenteric Artery

Which of the following vascular structures is most likely associated with the hindgut?

Pectinate (Dentate) Line

Sigmoid Colon

Descending Colon

Lumbar Splanchnic Nerves

Which of the following nervous structures is most likely associated with the hindgut?

Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves

Urogenital Sinus

Types of Hernias

Hiatal

Which type of hernia is best known to occur when a portion of the upper stomach protrudes into the esophagus or thorax through a weak area of the diaphragm?

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Which of the following diseases or disorders is most commonly a complication of hiatal hernia?

Inguinal

Which type of hernia is best described as such: when the contents of the abdomen protrude through a weak area near the spermatic cord or round ligament?

Which of the following groups of people is most commonly associated with inguinal hernias?

Femoral

Which type of hernia is best known to present as an area of swelling or bulging near the groin and can push through the femoral canal?

Women

Which of the following groups of people is most commonly associated with femoral hernias?

Incisional

Which type of hernia is best known to occur when a patient has had several surgeries in the same anatomical area?

Umbilical

Which type of hernia is best known to occur through a weakened portion of the rectus abdominis muscle or through a post-birth defect?

Consideration

Strangulation

Which of the following is the most important complication to consider when evaluating a hernia?

Omphalocele

Characteristics

Defect of Lateral Fold Closure

During your assessment of an omphalocele patient, which of the following is most likely to be present?

Herniation of Abdominal Organs via Umbilicus

Covered by Peritoneum

Associations

Trisomy Syndromes

Which of the following diseases or disorders is most likely associated with omphalocele?

Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome

Management

Surgery

Which of the following is most likely indicated for the treatment of omphalocele?

Increased AFP

Which of the following is most likely seen in the maternal serum of a patient with ophalocele?<br>

Diagnosis

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