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First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 (2023)
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First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 (2023) | Registered Nurse (RN) School Study Aid

Page 71 -
10 Picmonics to Learn | 31 mins
Enzyme Types
Characteristics
Lyases
Hydrolases
Transferases
Isomerases
Oxidoreductases
Ligases
picmonic thumbnail
1 min
Glycolysis
Characteristics
Glucose
Hexokinase or Glucokinase
Glucose-6-phosphate
Fructose-6-phosphate
Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Aldolase
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
3-phosphoglycerate
2-phosphoglycerate
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
Pyruvate Kinase
Pyruvate
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
Acetyl-CoA
picmonic thumbnail
4 mins
Gluconeogenesis
OVERVIEW
Produces Glucose from Non-Carbohydrate Substrates
Upregulated by Glucagon and Cortisol
PATHWAY
Pyruvate
Pyruvate Carboxylase
Oxaloacetate
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) Carboxykinase
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
Fructose-6-phosphate
Glucose-6-phosphate
Glucose 6-phosphatase
Glucose
Clinical Relevance
Von Gierke Disease
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4 mins
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
Characteristics
Acetyl-CoA + Oxaloacetate
Citric Acid
Isocitric Acid
Produces NADH
Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid
Produces NADH
Succinyl CoA
Produces GTP
Succinate
Produces FADH2
Fumarate
Uses Water
Malate
Produces NADH
Oxaloacetate
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4 mins
Glycogen Metabolism
Glycogenesis
Glucose to UDP-Glucose
Chain Elongation
UDP-Glucose to Glycogen
Glycogenin
Glycogen Synthase
Branching Enzyme
Glycogenolysis
Glycogen to Glucose
Glycogen Phosphorylase + Vitamin B6 Cofactor
Limit Dextrin
Debranching Enzyme
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4 mins
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt (Pentose Phosphate Pathway)
Oxidative Phase (Irreversible)
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
Converts Glucose-6-Phosphate to Ribulose-5-Phosphate
Generates NADPH
Reduces Glutathione
Prevents Oxidative Damage
Non-Oxidative Phase (Reversible)
Ribulose-5-Phosphate to Ribose-5-Phosphate
Nucleotide Synthesis
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2 mins
De Novo Purine Synthesis
PRPP Synthesis
Ribose-5-Phosphate
PRPP (Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate)
IMP Synthesis
Glutamine PRPP Amidotransferase
Phosphoribosylamine
Folate Cofactor
Inosine Monophosphate
AMP Synthesis
Adenosine Monophosphate
Requires GTP
GMP Synthesis
Guanosine Monophosphate
Requires ATP
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3 mins
Urea Cycle
Mitochondria
N-Acetylglutamate
Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase I
NH3 + CO2
Carbamoyl Phosphate
Ornithine Transcarbamylase
Citrulline
Cytosol
Aspartate
Argininosuccinate
Fumarate
Arginine
H2O to Urea
Ornithine
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3 mins
Lipid Metabolism and Ketogenesis
Lipid Metabolism
Acetyl-CoA
Biotin Cofactor
Malonyl-CoA
Fatty Acids
Triglycerides
Glycerol
DHAP
Acetoacetyl-CoA
HMG-CoA
HMG-CoA Reductase
Mevalonate
Cholesterol
Ketogenesis
Acetoacetate
Beta-Hydroxybutyrate
picmonic thumbnail
4 mins
Cholesterol Synthesis
Pathway
Acetyl-CoA
Acetoacetyl-CoA
Cytosolic HMG-CoA Synthase
HMG-CoA
HMG-CoA Reductase
Mevalonate
Cholesterol
picmonic thumbnail
2 mins

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Page 71 - in Biochemistry - First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 (2023) for Nursing RN