Master Lumbar Puncture Nursing Interventions

A sterile needle is inserted between two lumbar vertebrae to withdraw CSF samples for diagnostic testing. The fluid is collected in a series of tubes and sent for analysis.

A manometer is attached to the hub of the sterile needle used to withdraw CSF samples. The manometer is used to measure CSF pressure. Normal CSF pressure is below 20 mm H2O (refer to the Picmonic on "CSF Lab Values: Normal").

Prior to beginning the procedure, have the patient empty their bladder. Voiding will help minimize patient discomfort and decrease the risk of accidentally perforating the bladder during the procedure.

Usually, the patient undergoing a lumbar puncture is placed in a side-lying (lateral decubitus), fetal position with the knees flexed and the back rounded for maximal exposure of the site. To prevent accidentally puncturing the wrong site, ensure the patient remains still during the procedure. If the patient cannot tolerate the side-lying position or if the initial lumbar puncture is unsuccessful, a prone position may be used. A sitting position may also be used if the lumbar puncture is unsuccessful in the side-lying position. The patient should sit on the side of the bed and lean forward with arms on a table in front.

During a lumbar puncture, a sterile needle is inserted in between the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae. Inform the patient that they may feel a temporary pain radiating down the leg.

The CSF samples are withdrawn in a series of four tubes and must be numbered in the order of collection. Each tube is analyzed separately for components, such as glucose, protein, and bacteria.

After a lumbar puncture, the patient should return to a supine position for at least two hours to minimize the risk of developing a spinal headache. Encourage the patient to drink plenty of fluids and monitor for headache and signs of possible infection.

Lumbar puncture is contraindicated in patients with increased ICP. If the patient has increased CSF, puncturing the lumbar area will cause the fluid to leak and decrease CSF pressure in the spinal column. This will cause the CSF pressure in the brain to shift towards low CSF pressure in the spinal column and cause acute neurological damage.

Lumbar puncture is contraindicated in patients with an infection at the puncture site. The presence of skin infection may be transferred into the CSF as the needle is inserted into the lumbar area.