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Saunders Comprehensive Review For The NCLEX-RN Examination, 7 Ed.
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62 - Neurological System

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Saunders Comprehensive Review For The NCLEX-RN Examination, 7 Ed. | Registered Nurse (RN) School Study Aid

62 - Neurological System
29 Picmonics to Learn | 55 mins
Autonomic Nervous System
Characteristics
Sympathetic Nervous System
Fight or Flight
All Preganglionic Neurons Release Acetylcholine
Sympathetic Postganglionic Neurons Release Norepinephrine
Antagonistic Effects of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Rest and Digest
Parasympathetic Postganglionic Neurons Release Acetylcholine
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2 mins
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Procedure
Internal Body Images
Detects Variations of Soft Tissues
Considerations
No Metal Objects
No Pacemakers
Contrast is Non-Iodine
Safe During Pregnancy
Long Procedure
Antianxiety Medications
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2 mins
Lumbar Puncture
Indications
CSF Sample
CSF Pressure
Considerations
Empty Bladder
Side-lying Position
Between 3rd and 4th Lumbar Vertebrae
Number Tubes
Supine Position After Procedure
Contraindications
Increased ICP (Intracranial Pressure)
Infection at Puncture Site
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2 mins
Level of Consciousness: Descriptive guide for Glasgow Coma Scale
Conscious
Confused
Delirious
Somnolent
Obtunded
Stuporous
Comatose
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3 mins
Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) Assessment
Change in LOC
Headache
Cushings Triad
Irregular Respirations
Widening Pulse Pressure
Bradycardia
Projectile Vomiting
Abnormal Pupils
Papilledema
Posturing
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2 mins
Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) Interventions
Interventions
Elevate Head Of Bed
Foley Catheter
Mannitol (Osmitrol)
High Dose Barbiturates
Passive Hyperventilation
Dexamethasone (Neoplasm or Infection)
Considerations
Neuro Assessment
Maintain Normal Temperature
Avoid Activities That Increase ICP
Intracranial Monitoring System
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2 mins
Traumatic Brain Injury Assessment
Assessment
Change in LOC
Personality Changes
Amnesia
Increased Intracranial Pressure
Diplopia
Posturing
Location of Injury
Basilar Skull Fracture
Halo or Ring Sign
Considerations
Intracranial Bleeding
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2 mins
Types of Head Injuries
Open Head Injury
Linear Fracture
Comminuted Fracture
Depressed Fracture
Open Fracture
Basilar Skull Fracture
Closed Head Injury
Coup and Contrecoup
Brain Contusion
Concussion
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2 mins
Autonomic Dysreflexia
Injury Above T6
Assessment
Paroxysmal Hypertension
Bradycardia
Diaphoresis
Flushing Above Lesion
Piloerection
Nasal Congestion
Headache
Interventions
Elevate Head of Bed
Remove Noxious Stimuli
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2 mins
Types of Seizures
Tonic-Clonic
Tonic
Clonic
Absence (Petit Mal)
Myoclonic
Atonic
Partial (Focal) Seizure
Focal Aware (Formerly Called Simple Partial)
Focal Impaired Awareness (Formerly Called Complex Partial)
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3 mins
Seizure Interventions
Maintain Airway
Side-lying Position
Support Head
Move to Floor
Benzodiazepines
Considerations
Never Restrain
No Objects in Mouth
Document Details
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2 mins
Types of Strokes
Warning Signs
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
Reversible Ischemic Neurologic Deficit (RIND)
Types
Ischemic
Thrombotic
Atherosclerosis
Embolic
Atrial Fibrillation
Hemorrhagic
Severe Hypertension
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3 mins
Left Hemisphere Stroke Assessment
Opposite Side Weakness (Hemiplegia)
Side to Side Discrimination
Aphasia
Agraphia
Slow Performance
Aware of Deficits
Anxiety
Depression
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2 mins
Right Hemisphere Stroke Assessment
Opposite Side Weakness (Hemiplegia)
Poor Proprioception
Disoriented to Person, Place, Time
Can't Recognize Faces (Prosopagnosia)
Loss of Judgement and Awareness
Impulsiveness
Personality Changes
Tonal Hearing Loss
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2 mins
Multiple Sclerosis Assessment
Cause/Mechanism
Nerve Fiber Demyelination
Assessment
Motor Issues
Cerebellar Signs
Fatigue
Paresthesias
Spasticity
Urinary Incontinence
Optic Neuritis
Considerations
Women Between 20-50 Years Old
Relapse and Remission of Symptoms
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2 mins
Multiple Sclerosis Interventions
Drug Therapy
Corticosteroids
Interferon Beta
Dimethyl Fumarate (Tecfidera)
Fingolimod (Gilenya)
Mitoxantrone (Novantrone)
Natalizumab (Tysabri)
Considerations
Increase Exercise
Identify Triggers
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2 mins
Myasthenia Gravis Assessment
Weakness with Muscle Use
Diplopia
Ptosis
Dysphagia
Difficulty Speaking
Fatigue
Complications
Cholinergic Crisis
Overmedicated
Myasthenic Crisis
Not Enough Medication
Respiratory Muscle Paralysis
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2 mins
Indirect Cholinomimetics
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
Doesn't Cross BBB
Edrophonium
Myasthenia Gravis (Diagnosis)
Pyridostigmine and Neostigmine
Myasthenia Gravis (Tx)
Ileus
Crosses BBB
Physostigmine
Atropine Overdose
Glaucoma
Donepezil
Alzheimer's
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2 mins
Parkinson's Disease Assessment
Assessment
Decreased Dopamine
Older Adult
Cogwheel Rigidity
Bradykinesia
Shuffling Gait
Resting Tremor
Pill-Rolling
Mask-Like Face
Cognitive Decline
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2 mins
Parkinson's Disease Interventions
Medications
Levodopa/Carbidopa (Sinemet)
Entacapone (Comtan)
Selegiline (Eldepryl)
Amantadine (Symmetrel)
Bromocriptine (Parlodel)
Benztropine (Cogentin)
Considerations
Allow Extra Time
Ensure Patient Safety
Surgery As Last Resort
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2 mins
Parkinson's Drugs
Parkinsons Characteristics
Decreased Dopamine
Increased Acetylcholine
Drug Names
BALSA Acronym
Bromocriptine
Amantadine
Levodopa
Selegiline
Antimuscarinics
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2 mins
Muscles of Mastication
Temporalis
Masseter
Medial Pterygoid
Lateral Pterygoid
Innervation
Mandibular Branch (V3) of Trigeminal Nerve
Embryology
1st Branchial Arch
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1 min
CN V
Trigeminal Nerve
Sensory
Facial Sensation
Motor Function (Via Mandibular Nerve)
Mastication Muscles
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1 min
Guillain-Barre Syndrome Assessment
Assessment
Ascending Paralysis
Muscle Weakness
Paresthesias (Pins and Needles)
Diplopia
Difficulty Speaking
Dysphagia
Labile Blood Pressure
Loss of Bowel and Bladder Control
Considerations
Aggressive Airway Management
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2 mins
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Assessment
Progressive Muscle Weakness
Systemic Muscle Wasting
Fasciculations
Spasticity
Fatigue
Considerations
Riluzole (Rilutek)
Stretching
Little to No Cognitive Decline
Respiratory Support
Palliative Care
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2 mins
Meningitis Assessment
Assessment
Nausea and Vomiting
Fever
Nuchal Rigidity
Severe Headache
Purpura
Seizures
Photophobia
Infants and Young Children
Opisthotonus Position
High-Pitched Cry
Bulging Fontanel
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2 mins
Meningitis Interventions
Drug Therapy
IV Antibiotics
Dexamethasone
Analgesics
Antipyretics
Considerations
Closely Monitor for Increased ICP
Bed Rest
Preventative Vaccinations
Droplet-Airborne Precautions
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2 mins
Common Causes of Meningitis: Adolescent and Adult (6 - 60 Years Old)
Enteroviruses
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
Neisseria meningitidis (#1 Cause in Teens)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
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1 min
Common Causes of Meningitis: Elderly (60+ Years Old)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram-Negative Rods
Listeria Monocytogenes
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56 secs

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