Medical-Surgical Nursing, 10th Ed., Ignatavicius & Workman, 2020 | Registered Nurse (RN) School Study Aid
Chemical Synapse
- Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels Open
- Ca2+ Influx
- Vesicle-Membrane Fusion
- Exocytosis of Neurotransmitter
- Neurotransmitter Binds Post-Synaptic Receptors
- Neurotransmitter Breakdown
- Neurotransmitter Reuptake
Electrical Synapse
- Cardiac and Smooth Muscle Location
- Fast Transmission
- Bidirectional
- Presynaptic Na+ Floods Through Gap Junction
- Na+ Influx Initiates Postsynaptic Action Potential
Neuron Action Potential Initiation
- Summation of Signals
- -50 mV Threshold Value Reached
- Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels Open
- Local Depolarization
- Na+ Influx
- Potassium Channels open
- Repolarization
Neuron Action Potential Propagation
- Unidirectional Depolarization
- Absolute Refractory Period In Preceding Na+ Channels
- Neighboring Voltage Gate Channels Open
- Nodes of Ranvier
- Myelination Increases Propagation Speed
- Saltatory Conduction
Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Frontal Lobe
- Parietal Lobe
- Temporal Lobe
- Occipital Lobe
- Medulla Oblongata
- Cerebellum
- Pons
- Spinal Cord
- Dorsal Root Ganglia
- Grey Matter
- White Matter
Hypothalamus
- Anterior Pituitary Stimulated Through the Hypophyseal Portal
- GHRH
- GnRH
- TRH
- PIF
- CRF Released During Stress
- Posterior Pituitary Stimulated Through Neural Control
Circle of Willis
- Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) Supplies Motor/Sensory Parts of the Cortex for Lower Extremities
- Anterior Communicating Artery (Acomm) Connects ACA to ACA
- Internal Carotid Arteries (ICA)
- Middle Cerebral Arteries (MCA) Supply Cortex for Upper Limbs and Face
- Posterior Communicating Artery (Pcomm) Connects ICA to PCA
- Posterior Cerebral Arteries (PCA) Supply Occipital Cortex
- Basilar Artery Supplies Medulla, Pons, and PCA
Anterior Cerebral Artery
- Contralateral paralysis of lower limb
- Contralateral loss of sensation in lower limb
Middle Cerebral Artery
- Contralateral paralysis upper limb and face
- Contralateral loss of sensation of upper limb and face
- Affects Wernicke's area and Broca's area
- Aphasia if Lesion in Dominant (Left) Hemisphere
- Hemineglect if lesion in nondominant (right) hemisphere
CSF Lab Values: Normal
- Pressure: < 20 cm H2O
- Color/Appearance: Clear or Colorless
- Proteins: < 40 mg/dL
- Lactate Dehydrogenase: 10% of Serum Level
- Cells: 0-5 Small Lymphocytes
- Glucose: 50-75 mg/dL
Spinothalamic Tracts
- Ascending Pathway (Sensory)
- Lateral
- Temperature
- Pain
- Anterior
- Crude Touch
- Pressure
- Decussates at Anterior White Commisure
- Contralateral Anesthesia
Posterior Column (Dorsal Column)
- Ascending Pathway (Sensory)
- Proprioception
- Fine Touch
- Pressure
- Vibration Sensation
- Dorsal Root
- Fasciculus Cuneatus
- Arms
- Fasciculus Gracilis
- Lower Limbs
- Vitamin B12 Deficiency
- Tabes Dorsalis
Dermatomes - Cervical
- C2 - Posterior Cap Distribution
- C3 - High Turtleneck
- C4 - Low Collar Shirt
- C5 - Anterolateral Shoulder
- C6 - Thumb
- C7 - Middle Finger
- C8 - Pinky Finger
Dermatomes - Thoracic
- T1 - Medial Arm
- T4 - Nipple
- T7 - Xiphoid
- T10 - Belly Button
- T12 - Pubis
Dermatomes - Lumbosacral
- L2 - Medial Thigh
- L3 - Medial Knee
- L4 - Kneecap, Medial Ankle, and Big Toe
- L5 - Dorsum of Foot
- S1 - Lateral Foot, Posteriolateral Thigh
- S 2, 3, 4, 5 - Perianal and Genitals
Somatic Reflex Arc
- Spinal Cord
- Sensory (Afferent) Neuron
- Interneurons Transmit
- Motor (Efferent) Neuron
- Effector Targets
CN I
- Olfactory Nerve
- Sensory
- Smell
CN III
- Oculomotor Nerve
- Motor
- Eye Movement
- Accommodation
- Eyelid Opening
- Pupillary Constriction
CN IV
- Trochlear Nerve
- Motor
- Abducts, Depresses, Internally Rotates
CN V
- Trigeminal Nerve
- Sensory
- Facial Sensation
- Motor
- Mastication Muscles
CN VI
- Abducens Nerve
- Motor
- Abducts Eye
CN VII
- Facial Nerve
- Lacrimation
- Salivation
- Sensory
- Taste from Anterior 2/3 of Tongue
- Motor
- Facial Movement
- Stapedius Muscle
- Eyelid Closing
CN VIII
- Vestibulocochlear Nerve
- Sensory
- Hearing
- Balance
CN IX
- Glossopharyngeal Nerve
- Sensory
- Taste from Posterior 1/3 of Tongue
- Monitoring Carotid Body and Sinus
- Motor
- Stylopharyngeus
- Swallowing
- Salivation
CN X
- Vagus Nerve
- Sensory
- Aortic Arch Chemoreceptors and Baroreceptors
- Taste from Epiglottic Region
- Motor
- Swallowing
- Palate Elevation
- Talking
- Coughing
- Midline Uvula
CN XI
- Accessory Nerve
- Motor
- Head Turning
- Shoulder Shrugging
CN XII
- Hypoglossal Nerve
- Motor
- Tongue Movement
Cranial Nerve Function
- CN I
- CN II
- CN VIII
- CN III
- CN IV
- CN VI
- CN XI
- CN XII
- CN V
- CN VII
- CN IX
- CN X
Autonomic Nervous System
- Sympathetic Nervous System
- Fight or Flight
- All Preganglionic Neurons Release Acetylcholine
- Sympathetic Postganglionic Neurons Release Norepinephrine
- Antagonistic Effects of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
- Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Rest and Digest
- Parasympathetic Postganglionic Neurons Release Acetylcholine
Glasgow Coma Scale
- LOC Assessment
- Score of 3 to 15
- 8 or Less = Coma
- Eye Opening
- Verbal Response
- Motor Response
Level of Consciousness: Descriptive guide for Glasgow Coma Scale
- Conscious
- Confused
- Delirious
- Somnolent
- Obtunded
- Stuporous
- Comatose
Depression Assessment
- Anergia
- Self Neglect
- Decreased Libido
- Vegetative Signs
- Sad Affect
- Worthlessness
- Guilt
- Anger and Irritability
- Ineffective Problem Solving
- Slowed Thinking
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- Internal Body Images
- Detects Variations of Soft Tissues
- No Metal Objects
- No Pacemakers
- Contrast is Non-Iodine
- Safe During Pregnancy
- Long Procedure
- Antianxiety Medications
Lumbar Puncture
- CSF Sample
- CSF Pressure
- Empty Bladder
- Side-lying Position
- Between 3rd and 4th Lumbar Vertebrae
- Number Tubes
- Supine Position After Procedure
- Increased ICP (Intracranial Pressure)
- Infection at Puncture Site