Marasmus
- Deficiency of all Nutrients
 - Body Weight < 60% of Normal
 - Tissue and Muscle Wasting
 - Loss of Subcutaneous Fat (Buttocks and Thighs)
 - Variable Edema
 
Kwashiorkor
- Protein Deficiency
 - Swollen Belly
 - MEALS
 - Malnutrition
 - Edema
 - Anemia
 - Liver Malfunction
 - Skin Lesions
 
Zinc Deficiency
- Used in Over 100 Enzymes
 - Zinc Finger Formation
 - Delayed Wound Healing
 - Hypogonadism
 - Decreased Adult Hair
 - Dysgeusia
 - Anosmia
 - Perioral Rash
 - Acrodermatitis Enteropathica
 - Increased Risk in Patients with Cirrhosis
 
Vitamin A (Retinol) Function and Deficiency
- Retinol
 - Constituent of Visual Pigments
 - Differentiation of Epithelial Cells into Specialized Tissue
 - Night Blindness
 - Dry Skin
 - Used to Treat Measles
 - Antioxidant
 
Vitamin A (Retinol) Toxicity
- Alopecia
 - Vision Changes
 - Headache
 - Skin Changes
 - Hyperlipidemia
 - Hepatotoxicity
 - Arthralgias
 - Teratogen
 - Cleft palate
 - Cardiac Abnormalities
 
Beriberi (Thiamine Deficiency)
- Thiamine Deficiency
 - Dry Beriberi
 - Polyneuritis
 - Muscle Wasting
 - Wet Beriberi
 - Dilated Cardiomyopathy
 - Edema
 
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
- Thiamine deficiency
 - Confusion
 - Ophthalmoplegia
 - Ataxia
 - Korsakoff
 - Confabulation
 - Personality Changes
 - Memory loss
 - Alcoholics
 - Damage to medial dorsal nucleus
 - Damage to mammillary bodies
 
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Deficiency
- Deficiency From Isoniazid
 - Deficiency From Oral Contraceptives
 - Seizures
 - Hyperirritability
 - Peripheral Neuropathy
 - Sideroblastic Anemia
 
Vitamin C Mechanism and Deficiency
- Ascorbic acid
 - Antioxidant
 - Protects Against Free Radicals
 - Keeps Iron in Reduced State
 - Hydroxylation of Proline and Lysine
 - Necessary for Dopamine B Hydroxylase
 - Scurvy
 - Swollen Gums
 - Bruising
 - Poor Wound Healing
 - Hemarthrosis
 - Perifollicular Hemorrhages
 - Anemia
 
Vitamin D Deficiency
- Rickets in children
 - Bending bones
 - Rachitic rosary
 - Breast milk has decreased vitamin D
 - Osteomalacia in adults
 - Tetany from Hypocalcemia
 
Vitamin D Toxicity
- Kidney Stones
 - Metastatic Calcification of the Kidney
 - Loss of Appetite
 - Abdominal Pain
 - Sarcoidosis
 
Vitamin E Deficiency
- Antioxidant
 - Protects Erythrocytes
 - Protects from Free Radical Damage
 - Hemolytic Anemia
 - Posterior Column
 - Spinocerebellar Tract
 
Lead Antidotes
- Dimercaprol
 - CaEDTA
 - Succimer
 
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Mechanism and Deficiency
- Cobalamin
 - Large reserve pool in the liver
 - Homocysteine to methionine
 - Methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA
 - Macrocytic Megaloblastic Anemia
 - Hypersegmented Neutrophils
 - Neurologic defects
 - Posterior column
 - Lateral corticospinal tract
 - Spinocerebellar tract
 
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Deficiency Causes
- Vegans
 - Pernicious Anemia
 - Gastric Bypass Surgery
 - Malabsorption
 - Sprue
 - Enteritis
 - Crohn's Disease
 - Diphyllobothrium latum
 
Folate Deficiency
- Macrocytic Anemia
 - Megaloblastic Anemia
 - Malabsorption
 - Dietary
 - Tea and Toast
 - Alcoholics
 - Medication-induced
 - Methotrexate
 - Trimethoprim
 - Increased Requirement
 - Hemolytic Anemia
 - Pregnancy
 
Food Allergies and Restrictions
- Gluten-Free
 - Lactose-Free
 - Plant-Based
 - Diabetic and Sugar-Free
 - Nut Allergy
 - Soy Allergy