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Physiology

First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 (2023)

Endocrine

Amenorrhea

Which of the following is most likely a clinical feature of prolactinoma in women?

Bitemporal Hemianopsia

Which of the following is most likely a clinical feature of prolactinoma?

Galactorrhea

Impotence

Which of the following is most likely a clinical feature of prolactinoma in men?

Pituitary Adenoma

Which of the following best classifies prolactinoma?

Prolactin Inhibits Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone

Which of the following contributes to the pathophysiology seen in prolactinoma?

Prolactinoma

Treat with Dopamine

Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for a patient with a prolactinoma?

Anterior Pituitary Stimulated Through the Hypophyseal Portal

Which of the following best describes how the anterior pituitary is stimulated?

Characteristics

CRF Released During Stress

Which of the following stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic-hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary during stress?

GHRH

Which of the following most likely stimulates the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary?

GnRH

Which of the following most likely stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary?

Hypothalamus

Which of the following most likely regulates the release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary?

Posterior Pituitary Stimulated Through Neural Control

Which of the following best describes how the posterior pituitary is stimulated?

Which of the following most likely stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin from the anterior pituitary?

Antagonist at D2 Receptor

What mechanism of action or pharmacological action is best associated with Metoclopramide?

Antiemetic

Which of the following drug classes best corresponds to Metoclopramide?

Contraindication

Which of the following side effects is most likely to be seen in patients taking metoclopramide?

Increased Resting Tone

Which of the following most likely describes the pathophysiological mechanism of the gastroprokinetic activity of metoclopramide?<br>

Indications

Mechanism

Metoclopramide

Parkinson's Disease

Which of the following diseases or disorders is most likely a contraindication for the use of Metoclopramide?

Parkinsonian Symptoms

Promotility Agent

Which of the following characteristics is most likely associated with Metoclopromide?

Side Effects

Small Bowel Obstruction

Antipsychotics

Which class of drugs  increase levels of prolactin by blocking dopamine  in the tuberoinfundibular pathway?

Arcuate Nucleus

Where does the tuberoinfundibular pathway begin?

Defect

Dopamine Inhibits Prolactin (PRL)

Which pertains to the tuberoinfundibular pathway?

Dopamine Pathway

Which of the following most likely pertains to the tuberoinfundibular pathway?

Which of the following is most likely to occur due to a defect of the tuberoinfundibular pathway?

Gynecomastia

Which pertains to a defect of the tuberoinfundibular pathway?

Increased Prolactin

What of the following most likely occurs due to a defect of the tuberoinfundibular pathway?

Location

Median Eminence

Where does the tuberoinfundibular pathway end?

Sexual Dysfunction

Which of the following most likely results from a defect of the tuberoinfundibular pathway of dopamine?

Tuberoinfundibular Pathway (Dopaminergic)

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