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Biochemistry is a subsection of science that brings together biology and chemistry, dealing with chemical processes that occur in the human body. This is typically seen as a harder subject to tackle in medical school, but erase your fears! No more waking up in cold sweats from a nightmarish biochemistry exam! This study guide presents those highly-tested biochemistry principles, key reactions, and associated disease states in an understandable and interesting format, allowing for maximum comprehension in the least amount of time to increase your retention for classes and the USMLE Step 1.

Metabolism

Biochemistry

Nutrition & Metabolism

Aerobic Respiration

Mitochondrial Matrix

Which of the following locations best describes where cellular aerobic respiration occurs?

2 Pyruvate

Which of the following products of glycolysis are used as substrates to produce 2 Acetyl-CoA and 2 NADH molecules?

Pyruvate Decarboxylation

What is the name of the process that converts Pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA?

2 NADH

Which of the following products of pyruvate decarboxylation carries high energy electrons to the electron transport chain for oxidative phosphorylation?

2 Acetyl-CoA

Which of the following products of pyruvate decarboxylation enters the Krebs Cycle?

Krebs Cycle

Which of the following processes yields cellular energy from Acetyl-CoA and substrate level phosphorylation?

6 NADH

How many NADH molecules does the Krebs cycle yield per molecule of glucose?

2 FADH2

How many FADH<sub>2</sub> molecules does the Krebs cycle yield per molecule of glucose?

2 Substrate Level ATPs

How many substrate level ATP molecules does the Krebs cycle yield per molecule of glucose?

Anaerobic Respiration

Cytosol

Which of the following best describes the location where anaerobic respiration takes place?

Glucose

Which substance is best described by a 6-carbon carbohydrate that is broken down and released as carbon dioxide in order to generate ATP in the cell?

Glycolysis

Which of the following is characterized by a process of breaking down glucose into a 3-carbon pyruvate for aerobic respiration?

Substrate-level Phosphorylation

Which of the following is characterized by the production of ATP from ADP by a direct transfer of a high-energy phosphate group from a phosphorylated intermediate metabolic compound?

How many NADH are generated in glycolysis?

2 Net ATP

What is the net ATP result from glycolysis?

Which of the following is most likely the final product of glycolysis?

Fermentation

Which of the following is best described by a metabolic pathway that reduces pyruvate to ethanol or lactic acid in the absence of oxygen?

NAD+ Regeneration

Fermentation most likely results in which of the following?

Waste Byproduct

In fermentation, alcohol and lactic acid are considered which of the following?

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

In what part of the cell does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

Electron Transport Chain

NADH and FADH2 donate electrons down a series of protein complexes known as which of the following?

Oxygen is Final Electron Acceptor

Which of the following is the final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain?

Proton Pump

Which of the following establishes the proton motive force?

Proton Motive Force

What is derived from the electrochemical gradient established by pumping protons into the inter-membrane space.

ATP Synthase

Which of the following converts ADP to ATP?

1 NADH 3 ATP

Which of the following is the approximate ratio of NADH to ATP made by oxidative phosphorylation?

1 FADH2 2 ATP

Which of the following is the approximate ratio of FADH2 to ATP made by oxidative phosphorylation?

Energy Releasing Pathways: Accounting

Which of the following best describes the series of reactions that generates energy without oxygen?

2 ATP

Per molecule of glucose, how many net ATP are usually produced by glycolysis via substrate level phosphorylation?

Per molecule of glucose, how many net NADH are usually produced by glycolysis?

Which of the following best describes the metabolic pathway which reduces pyruvate to CO2 in the mitochondrial matrix to generate NADH, FADH2, and ATP?

8 NADH

What is the usual number of NADH produced within the mitochondria during aerobic respiration?

What is the usual number of FADH2 produced within the mitochondria during aerobic respiration?

How many net ATP are usually produced during the Krebs cycle in aerobic respiration?

Which best describes the metabolic pathway that uses a proton gradient to generate ATP?

34 ATP

How many ATP are usually produced from NADH and FADH2 in oxidative phosphorylation?

2 ATP Lost

During oxidative phosphorylation, the transfer of 2 NADH molecules into the mitochondrial matrix by active transport usually results in which of the following outcomes?

36 Net Total ATP

What is usually the net total of ATP produced from glucose catabolism during aerobic respiration?

Characteristics

Enzyme Types

Lyases

Which of the following types of enzymes is most likely to require only one substrate when cleaving bonds and can form rings?

Hydrolases

Which of the following types of enzymes is most likely to cleave bonds by adding water?

Transferases

Which of the following types of enzymes most likely catalyzes the movement of an entire chemical group from one compound to another?

Isomerases

Which of the following types of enzymes is best known for structural rearrangement of molecular compounds while maintaining the same chemical formula?

Oxidoreductases

Which of the following types of enzymes is responsible for the transfer of electrons between molecules?

Ligases

Which of the following types of enzymes catalyzes the joining of two larger molecules?

Competitive Inhibition

Reversible Inhibition

Competitive inhibition is classified as which of the following types of inhibition?

Constant Vmax

What is the nature of Vmax during competitive inhibition?

Substrate Competes With Inhibitor For The Active Site

Which of the following is most likely associated with competitive inhibition?

Inhibition Increases Km

What is the nature of Km during competitive inhibition?

Non-Competitive Inhibition

Non-competitive inhibition is classified as which of the following types of inhibition?

Substrate Freely Binds The Active Site

Which of the following is most likely associated with non-competitive inhibition?

Inhibitor Strongly Binds Allosteric Site

In non-competitive inhibition, where does the inhibitor bind?

Km Constant

What is the nature of Km during non-competitive inhibition?

Enzyme Has Different Conformational Form

In non-competitive inhibition, what is most likely to happen to the enzyme after the inhibitor binds to it?

Low Vmax

What is the nature of Vmax during non-competitive inhibition?

Fundamentals of Metabolism

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