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Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems | MCAT School Study Aid

Glycolysis

Glucose

Hexokinase or Glucokinase

Glucose-6-phosphate

Fructose-6-phosphate

Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

Aldolase

Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

3-phosphoglycerate

2-phosphoglycerate

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

Pyruvate Kinase

Pyruvate

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

Acetyl-CoA

4 mins

Fructose Metabolism

Fructose

Fructokinase

Fructose-1-Phosphate

Aldolase B

DHAP

Glyceraldehyde

Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate

2 mins

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

Acetyl-CoA + Oxaloacetate

Citric Acid

Isocitric Acid

Produces NADH

Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid

Produces NADH

Succinyl CoA

Produces GTP

Succinate

Produces FADH2

Fumarate

Uses Water

Malate

Produces NADH

Oxaloacetate

4 mins

Urea Cycle

N-Acetylglutamate

Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase I

NH3 + CO2

Carbamoyl Phosphate

Ornithine Transcarbamylase

Citrulline

Aspartate

Argininosuccinate

Fumarate

Arginine

H2O to Urea

Ornithine

3 mins

Lipid Metabolism and Ketogenesis

Acetyl-CoA

Biotin Cofactor

Malonyl-CoA

Fatty Acids

Triglycerides

Glycerol

DHAP

Acetoacetyl-CoA

HMG-CoA

HMG-CoA Reductase

Mevalonate

Cholesterol

Acetoacetate

Beta-Hydroxybutyrate

4 mins

Energy Releasing Pathways: Accounting

Anaerobic Respiration

2 ATP

2 NADH

Aerobic Respiration

8 NADH

2 FADH2

2 ATP

Oxidative Phosphorylation

34 ATP

2 ATP Lost

36 Net Total ATP

2 mins

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

Electron Transport Chain

Oxygen is Final Electron Acceptor

Proton Pump

Proton Motive Force

ATP Synthase

1 NADH 2.5 ATP

1 FADH2 1.5 ATP

3 mins

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