Kristina Shared "MF2 Review Week" - 151 Picmonics
With Picmonic, facts become pictures. We've taken what the science shows - image mnemonics work - but we've boosted the effectiveness by building and associating memorable characters, interesting audio stories, and built-in quizzing. Whether you're studying for your classes or getting ready for a big exam, we're here to help.
MF2 Review Week
Sensitivity
- Characteristics
- Rules Out
- Screening Test
- Formula
- TP / (FN+TP)
2 mins
Specificity
- Characteristics
- Rules In
- Confirmatory Test
- Formula
- TN / (TN + FP)
1 min
Case Control Study
- Observational
- Retrospective
- Compares those with disease to those without
- (Asks) "What happened?"
- Measurement
- Odds Ratio
47 secs
Cohort Study
- Observational
- Longitudinal
- Studies risk from exposure
- Retrospective
- (Asks) "Who developed disease?"
- Prospective
- (Asks) "Who will develop disease?"
1 min
Cross-Sectional Study
- Observational
- (Asks) "What's Happening?"
- Data at One Specific Point in Time
- (Finds) Frequency of Disease
- Measurement
- Prevalence
49 secs
Quantifying Risk: Contingency 2x2 Table Setup
- Disease
- Along Top (x axis)
- Exposure
- Along Side (y axis)
- A: Exposed and Diseased (Sick)
- B: Exposed and Healthy
- C: Not Exposed and Diseased (Sick)
- D: Not Exposed and Healthy
2 mins
Odds Ratio (OR)
- Use
- Case Control Studies
- Measures Association Between an Exposure and an Outcome
- Formula
- Odds of Exposure in Diseased (Sick) Group
- a / c
- Divided /
- Odds of Exposure in Healthy Group
- b / d
- Interpretation
- =1 Exposure does not affect odds
- > 1 Exposure increases disease
- < 1 Exposure decreases disease
2 mins
Attributable Risk (AR)
- Use
- Proportion Exposure Increases Disease
- Formula
- Incidence of Diseased (Sick)
- Equals =
- Exposed Group
- a / (a + b)
- Minus -
- Unexposed Group
- c / (c + d)
1 min
Relative Risk (RR)
- Use
- Used in Cohort Studies
- Formula
- Risk of Developing Disease
- Equals =
- Exposed Group
- a / (a + b)
- Divided by /
- Unexposed Group
- c / (c + d)
- When Low Prevalence Odds Ratio Approximates Relative Risk
2 mins
Positive Predictive Value (PPV)
- Proportion of Positive Tests that are True Positive
- Probability that Person with Positive Test has Disease
- Formula
- TP (True Positives)
- Divided by /
- All Positive Test Results
- TP + FP
- Considerations
- Varies Directly with Prevalence
1 min
Negative Predictive Value (NPV)
- Proportion of Negative Tests that are Truly Negative
- Probability that Person with Negative Test is Healthy
- Formula
- (TN) True Negatives
- Divided by /
- All Negative Test Results
- (FN + TN)
- Considerations
- Varies Inversely with Prevalence
1 min
Common Statistical Tests
- Determine If Comparing Numerical Or Categorical Variables
- Numerical Variables
- T-Test For Comparing Means Of Two Groups
- ANOVA For Comparing Means In Greater Than Three Groups
- Comparing Mean Values On Normal/Bell Distribution
- Categorical Variables
- Chi-Squared Test For Comparing Categorical Outcomes In Large Sample Sizes
- Fisher's Exact Test For Comparing Categorical Outcomes In Small Sample Sizes
4 mins
Scientific Bias Types
- DEFINITION
- Bias
- RECRUITING PARTICIPANTS
- Selection Bias
- Berkson Bias
- Attrition Bias
- PERFORMING STUDY
- Recall Bias
- Measurement Bias
- Procedure Bias
- Observer-expectancy Bias
- INTERPRETING RESULTS
- Confounding Bias
- Lead-time Bias
- Length-time Bias
6 mins
Sickle Cell Anemia (Mechanism)
- Intrinsic Normocytic Hemolytic Anemia
- Point Mutation
- Autosomal Recessive
- African American
- Dehydration or Decreased O2
- Newborns Asymptomatic
- Heterozygote Malarial Resistance
2 mins
Sickle Cell Anemia (Signs and Complications)
- Signs
- Crew-cut on Skull X-ray
- Complications
- Auto-splenectomy
- Painful Crisis
- Aplastic Crisis
- Splenic-sequestration Crisis
- Hyper-hemolytic Syndrome
- Renal Papillary Necrosis
- Salmonella osteomyelitis
- Pulmonary Hypertension
- Hyposthenuria
2 mins
Beta Thalassemia
- Mechanism
- Microcytic, Hypochromic Anemia
- Mediterranean Populations
- Decreased Beta-Globin
- Beta-Thalassemia Minor
- Increased HbA2
- No Intervention
- Beta-thalassemia Major
- Blood Transfusions
- Hemochromatosis
- Crew-cut on Skull X-Ray
- Diagnosis
- Electrophoresis
2 mins
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
- Pathophysiology
- BCR-ABL
- 9;22 Translocation
- Philadelphia Chromosome
- Signs & Symptoms
- Tyrosine Kinase
- Low Alkaline Phosphatase
- Splenomegaly
- Considerations
- Blast Crisis
- Age 30 to 90 Years
- Responds to Imatinib
3 mins
Myotonic Dystrophy
- Pathophysiology
- Autosomal Dominant
- Trinucleotide Repeat
- CTG
- Signs and Symptoms
- Facial Muscle Weakness
- Frontal Balding
- Sustained Grip
- Conduction Defects
- Cataracts
- Selective Atrophy of Type 1 Fibers
- Testicular Atrophy
2 mins
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
- Characteristics
- Autosomal Dominant
- Mutations in PKD1/2
- Cystic Enlargement of Renal Tubules
- Clinical Features
- Chronic Kidney Disease
- Hypertension
- Mitral Valve Prolapse
- Hepatic Cysts
- Berry (Saccular) Aneurysms
3 mins
G6PD Deficiency
- X-linked Recessive
- Hemolytic Anemia
- Inflammatory Response
- Fava Beans
- Sulfonamides
- Primaquine
- Anti TB Drugs
- Heinz Bodies
- Bite Cells
- Prevalent Among African Americans due to Increased Malarial Resistance
2 mins
Ace Your Medicine (MD/DO) Classes & Exams with Picmonic:
Over 2,030,000 students use Picmonic’s picture mnemonics to improve knowledge, retention, and exam performance.
Choose the #1 Medicine (MD/DO) student study app.
Picmonic for Medicine (MD/DO) covers information that is relevant to your entire Medicine (MD/DO) education. Whether you’re studying for your classes or getting ready to conquer the USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2 CK, COMLEX Level 1, or COMLEX Level 2, we’re here to help.
Works better than traditional Medicine (MD/DO) flashcards.
Research shows that students who use Picmonic see a 331% improvement in memory retention and a 50% improvement in test scores.