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Partial Pressure of Oxygen in the Inspired Air (PIO2)
PIO2 Normally Approximated = 150 mmHg
Arterial Partial Pressure of CO2 (PaCO2)
Respiratory Quotient (R)
R Normally Approximated = 0.8
PAO2 = PIO2 - (PaCO2/R)
1 min
Arterial Blood Gas
An arterial blood gases (ABG) test measures the acidity (pH) and the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood from an artery. This test is used to find out how well your lungs are able to move oxygen into the blood and remove carbon dioxide from t
Alveolar air contains much more water vapor (6.2 percent) and carbon dioxide (5.3 percent), resulting in a dilution of nitrogen to 74.9 percent and oxygen to 13.6 percent. Oxygen diffuses continuously from the alveolar air through the alveolo-capillary me
Venous blood is deoxygenated blood that flows from tiny capillary blood vessels within the tissues into progressively larger veins to the right side of the heart.
The lung veins sometimes referred to as the pulmonary veins, are blood vessels that transfer freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atria of the heart.
The pulmonary arteries carry blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs. In medical terms, the word “pulmonary” means something that affects the lungs
Arterial blood is the oxygenated blood in the circulatory system found in the pulmonary vein, the left chambers of the heart, and in the arteries.
2 mins
Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Cause/Mechanism
Fetal Lung Immaturity
Lack of Surfactant
Assessment
Respiratory Distress
Nasal Flaring
Retractions
Grunting
Interventions
Surfactant
Oxygen
Mechanical Ventilation
Considerations
Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)
2 mins
Common Causes of Pneumonia: Neonates (< 4 Weeks Old)
Group B Streptococci
E. coli
44 secs
Pulmonary Embolism Causes
Causes
FAT BAT Mnemonic
Fat
Air
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
Bacteria
Amniotic Fluid
Tumor
Risk Factors
Hypercoagulable
Central Venous Lines
Immobilized
1 min
Pulmonary Embolism Presentation and Diagnosis
Presentation
Sudden onset Shortness of Breath (S.O.B.)
Tachypnea
Pleuritic Chest Pain
Hemoptysis
Hypoxemia
Sudden Death
Diagnosis
Gold Standard: CT Pulmonary Angiography
X-Ray
D-Dimer
V/Q Scan
1 min
Pulmonary Hypertension Diagnosis and Management
Diagnosis
Echocardiogram
Right Heart Cathetherization
> 20 mmHg at Rest
Chest X-Ray
MANAGEMENT
Treat Underlying Disorder
Calcium Channel Blockers
Endothelin Receptor Antagonists
Prostacyclin Analogs
PDE-5 inhibitors
2 mins
Wells' Criteria for Pulmonary Embolism
Scoring
Clinical Symptoms of DVT (+3)
Pulmonary Embolism Most Likely Diagnosis (+3)
Tachycardia (+1.5)
Immobilization > 3 Days (+1.5)
Previous DVT or PE (+1.5)
Hemoptysis (+1)
Malignancy (+1)
Probability
> 6 = High
2-6 = Moderate
< 2 = Low
3 mins
Reading a Chest X-Ray
ABCDE Approach
Airway and Appliances
Bones
Cardiac
Diaphragm
Everything Else
Masses
Pulmonary Vasculature
Lung Parenchyma
2 mins
Alveolar Gas Exchange
Characteristics
Pulmonary Artery Blood is O2-Poor, CO2-Rich
Two-Cell Thick Air-Blood Barrier
CO2 Diffuses Into Air
O2 Diffuses Into Blood
Gases Equilibrate
Pulmonary Vein is O2-Rich, CO2-Poor
Thermoregulation
2 mins
Physiologic Dead Space (VD)
Tidal Volume (Vt)
Partial Pressure of Arterial CO2 (PaCO2)
Partial Pressure of CO2 in Expired Air (PECO2)
VD = VT x (PaCO2-PECO2) / PaCO2
2 mins
A-a Gradient
Partial pressure of alveolar oxygen (PAO2)
Partial Pressure of Arterial O2 (PaO2)
Normal 10 to 15 mmHg
Hypoxemia with an Abnormal A-a Gradient
Diffusion problem
Shunting (Low V/Q)
Dead space (high V/Q)
1 min
Pneumothorax
Mechanism
Air Enters Pleural Space
Assessment
Sudden Dyspnea
Absent or Restricted Movement on Affected Side
Decreased or Absent Breath Sounds on Affected Side
Chest Pain
Tracheal Deviation
Vital Sign Changes
Crepitus
Considerations
High Fowler's Position With Oxygen
Prepare For Chest Tube Placement
Educate High Risk Patients
2 mins
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