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RENAL
Normal Gap Metabolic Acidosis
HARD-ASS
Hyperalimentation
Addison's Disease
Renal Tubular Acidosis
Diarrhea
Acetazolamide
Spironolactone
Saline Infusion
2 mins
Chronic Kidney Disease Interventions
Interventions
Daily Weights
Strict I/O
Renal Diet
Strict Medication Regimen
Erythropoietin
Manage Hyperkalemia
Manage CKD-MBD
Dialysis
Kidney Transplant
2 mins
Wilms' Tumor (Nephroblastoma)
Cause
Malignant Renal Tumor
Assessment
Abdominal Mass
Hematuria
Fever
Hypertension
Interventions
Nephrectomy
Chemotherapy
Radiation
Considerations
Do Not Palpate Abdomen
Children Under 5 Years Old
2 mins
Chronic Kidney Disease Late Symptoms Assessment
Metabolic Acidosis
Severe Uremia
Arrhythmias
Edema
CNS Depression
Anemia
Oliguria
Pruritus
Considerations
End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)
GFR < 15mL/min
2 mins
Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
Pathophysiology
Increased Anion Gap
MUDPILES
Methanol
Uremia
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Propylene Glycol
Isoniazid or Iron
Lactic Acid
Ethylene Glycol
Salicylates
1 min
Pyelonephritis Assessment
Cause/Mechanism
Ascending Urethral Bacteria
Assessment
Dysuria
Fever
Fatigue
Flank Pain
Costovertebral Tenderness
Nausea and Vomiting
1 min
Blood Acid-Base Control
Characteristics
In a State of Acidemia
Medullary Chemoreceptors Control Ventilation Rate
Expulsion of CO2 through Lungs Increases pH
Bicarbonate Reabsorption from the Kidney Increases pH
Kidney Excretion of H+ Increases pH
2 mins
Metabolic Alkalosis
Diuretic use
Vomiting
Antacid
Hyperaldosteronism
26 secs
Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
Pathogenesis
Nephritic Syndrome
Crescent Shape
Crescents Consist of Fibrin and C3b
With Parietal Cells, Monocytes, and Macrophages
IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE
Linear Immunofluorescence
Negative Immunofluorescence
Granular Immunofluorescence
Etiology
Goodpasture Syndrome
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Formerly Wegener's)
Microscopic Polyangiitis
Prognosis
Poor Prognosis
3 mins
Membranous Glomerulonephritis
Characteristics
Nephrotic
Diagnosis
LM Thickening of Capillary and Glomerular Basement Membrane (GBM)
EM Spike and Dome Appearance with Subepithelial Deposits
IF Granular
Primary
Phospholipase A2 Receptor Autoantibodies
Secondary
NSAIDS
Gold
Solid Tumors
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
Lupus
3 mins
Pyelonephritis Interventions
Urinalysis
NSAIDs
Antibiotics
Increase Fluid Intake
Avoid Catheterization
Consideration
Urosepsis
1 min
Chronic Kidney Disease Early Symptoms Assessment
Characteristics
GFR < 60mL/min
Accumulation of Waste Products
Clinical Features
General Malaise
Hypertension
Proteinuria
Hyperkalemia
Mineral and Bone Disorders
Neuropathy
2 mins
Nephrotic Syndrome
Signs and Symptoms
Massive Proteinuria > 3.5g per Day
Edema
Increased risk of infection
Thromboembolism
Hyperlipidemia
Fatty casts
1 min
Hyperkalemia
Assessment
> 5.0 mEq/L K+
Abdominal Cramps
Muscle Weakness
Diarrhea
Arrhythmia
Tall, Peaked T Waves
Interventions
IV Calcium
Infusion of Glucose and Insulin
Loop or Thiazide Diuretics
Kayexalate
Dialysis
Prevention Education
2 mins
Metabolic Alkalosis Interventions
Interventions
Treat Underlying Cause
Stop Potassium (K+) Wasting Diuretics
Spironolactone
Acetazolamide
IV Fluids
Sodium Chloride
Replace Potassium (K+)
Considerations
Monitor Respiratory Rate
Monitor Heart Rate
Seizure Precautions
2 mins
Hypokalemia
Assessment
< 3.5 mEq/L
Muscle Weakness
Arrhythmia
U Wave
Ileus
Hyporeflexia
Interventions
IV K+ Infusion at 5-10 mEq/hr
Give Orally with Food
Nursing Considerations
Monitor Respiratory Status
3 mins
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS) Regulators
Activators
Hypotension
Hypovolemia
Decreased NaCl Delivery to Macula Densa
Sympathetic Stimuli
Key Mediators
Angiotensin II
Aldosterone
Antidiuretic Hormone
Negative Feedback
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide and Brain Natriuretic Peptide
2 mins
Angiotensin II Effects
Effects On Vasculature
Increases Vascular Smooth Muscle Contraction
Increases Blood Pressure
Effects on Kidney
Efferent Arteriole Vasoconstriction
Increases GFR
Proximal Tubule
Sodium and Water Reabsorption
Adrenal Cortex
Increases Aldosterone Secretion
Effects on CNS
Stimulates Posterior Pituitary Gland to Secrete Vasopressin (ADH)
Stimulates Thirst in Hypothalamus
2 mins
Angiotensin II Synthesis
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
Juxtaglomerular Cells
Mesangial Cells
Macula Densa
Distal Tubule
KEY MEDIATORS
Angiotensinogen
Secreted from Liver
Renin
Secreted from Juxtaglomerular Cells
Catalyzes Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)
Pulmonary Capillaries
Catalyzes Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II
3 mins
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