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Alisha Shared "Neuro exam 4" - 39 Picmonics

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Neuro exam 4

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
Mechanism
Dry (nonexudative)
Wet (exudative)
Signs and Symptoms
Scotomas
Blurred, Darkened Vision
Loss of Central Vision
Distortion of Vision
Considerations
Drug Therapy
Surgery
Low-vision Assistive Devices
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2 mins
CN III
Oculomotor Nerve
Motor
Eye Movement
Accommodation
Eyelid Opening
Pupillary Constriction
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1 min
CN IV
Trochlear Nerve
Motor
Abducts, Depresses, Internally Rotates
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48 secs
CN VI
Abducens Nerve
Motor
Abducts Eye
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48 secs
Cataract
Mechanism
Age-related
Assessment
No Pain
Cloudy Opaque Lens
Decreased Visual Acuity
Occurs Gradually
Treatment
Surgery
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1 min
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
Etiology
Atherosclerosis
Atrial Fibrillation
Giant Cell (Temporal) Arteritis
Clinical Features
Sudden Painless Monocular Vision Loss
Descending Curtain
Fundoscopic Findings
Retinal Plaques
Grayish Retinal Discoloration
Cherry Red Spot on Macula
Diagnosis
Ultrasound
Interventions
Ocular Massage
Reduce Intraocular Pressure
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3 mins
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
Etiologies
Hypercoagulability
Hypertension
Diabetes Mellitus
Clinical Features
Non-Ischemic
Mild to Moderate Vision Loss
Sparse Dot-blot and Flame Hemorrhages
Ischemic
Sudden, Painless Vision Loss
"Blood and Thunder" Appearance
Cotton Wool Spots
Papilledema
Interventions
Observation if Non-Ischemic
Laser Photocoagulation
VEGF Inhibitors
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3 mins
Common Eye Disorders
Common Eye Disorders
Conjunctivitis
Refractive Errors
Presbyopia
Cataract
Glaucoma
Uveitis
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Diabetic Retinopathy
Retinal Detachment
Leukocoria
Cranial Nerve Palsies
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4 mins
Detached Retina
Assessment
Flashes of Light
Floaters
Curtain Like Shadow
Interventions
Eye Patch
Bed Rest
Surgical Emergency
Considerations
No Vigorous Activity
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2 mins
Diabetic Retinopathy
Most Common Cause of Blindess in the USA
Retinal Damage due to Chronic Hyperglycemia
Cotton wool spots
Nonproliferative
Nonproliferative
Damaged capillaries leak blood
This causes lipids and fluid to seep into retina
Results in Hemorrhages and Macular Edema
Control Blood Sugar for Treatment
Proliferative
Proliferative
Chronic hypoxia results in new blood vessel formation with resultant traction on retina
Peripheral Retinal Photocoagulation for treatment
Surgery
Anti-VEGF
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External Eye Abnormalities
Extraocular Muscle Dysfunction
Strabismus
Eyelid Abnormalities
Exophthalmos
Ptosis
Ectropion
Entropion
eyelid lesions
Blepharitis
Dacryocystitis
Hordeolum (Stye)
Chalazion
Pupil Abnormalities
Anisocoria
Mydriasis
Miosis
Abnormalities on Cornea and Iris
Pterygium
Hyphema
Hypopyon
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4 mins
Eye
Characteristics
Sclera
Cornea
Iris
Lens
Ciliary Muscles
Optic Nerve
Rods
Cones
Retina
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1 min
Hypertensive Retinopathy
Etiology
Chronic Hypertension
Fundoscopic Findings
Flame Hemorrhages
Arteriovenous Nicking
Retinal Microaneurysms
Cotton Wool Spots
Macular Star
Papilledema
Treatment
Lower Blood Pressure
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2 mins
Internal Eye Abnormalities
Lens Opacities
Nuclear Cataract
Cortical Cataract
Optic Disc Abnormalities
Papilledema
Optic Atrophy
Excessive Cup-Disc Ratio
Visual Field Loss
Macular Degeneration
Scotomas
Increased Ocular Pressure
Retinal Detachment
Optic Tract Lesions
Vascular Abnormalities of the Retina
Arteriovenous Crossing
Attenuated Arteries
Diabetic Retinopathy
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4 mins
Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
Characteristics
Increased Capillary Permeability and Leakage
Often Asymptomatic
Fundoscopic Findings
Retinal Microaneurysms
Flame-shaped Hemorrhages
Cotton Wool Spots
Hard Exudates
Macular Edema
Management
Treat Diabetes
Laser Photocoagulation
Bevacizumab
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3 mins
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
Characteristics
Angiogenesis
Increased VEGF
Asymptomatic Until Late-stage
Fundoscopic Findings
Vitreous Hemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
Glaucoma
Findings of Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
Management
Laser Photocoagulation
Surgery
Bevacizumab
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2 mins
Refractive Errors of the Eye
Types
Myopia
Focal Point Anterior to Retina
Increased Risk for Retinal Detachment
Hyperopia
Focal Point Posterior to Retina
Increased Risk for Angle-closure Glaucoma
Astigmatism
Abnormal Corneal Curvature
Increased Risk for Amblyopia
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2 mins
Retinal Pathologies
Retinal Vein Occlusion: Due to compression from nearby arterial atherosclerosis
Transient unilateral vision loss
Laser photocoagulation
Retinal hemorrhage and venous engorgement on fundoscopy
Central retinal artery occlusion:
Painless, persistent unilateral vision loss
Ocular massage, thrombolysis
Pale retina with cherry-red spot at fovea
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Retinitis pigmentosa: Inherited
Begins with night blindness
Worsens to tunnel vision/bitemporal hemianopsia
Retinitis pigmentosa: bone spicule-shaped deposits around macula
Papilledema: Optic disc swelling due to increased itracranial pressure
Enlarged blind spot, blurred disc margins
Retinal Hemorrhage
Associated with HTN
"Dot and Flame" Appearance on fundoscopy
Cotton Wool Spots
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Retinitis Pigmentosa
Characteristics
Hereditary Retinal Degeneration
Clinical Features
Night Blindness
Contrast and Color Defects
Tunnel Vision
Associations
Abetalipoproteinemia
Kearns-Sayre Syndrome
Refsum Disease
Diagnosis
Bone Spicule-shaped Retinal Deposits
Considerations
Permanent Blindness
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2 mins
Retinoblastoma
Characteristics
Loss of Heterozygosity
Chromosome 13
Children
Presentation
Leukocoria
Strabismus
Vision Loss
Association
Osteosarcoma
Diagnosis
Genetic Testing
Management
Cryotherapy
Photocoagulation
Chemotherapy or Radiation
Surgery
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3 mins

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Alisha Shared Neuro exam 4 - 39 Picmonics