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sensory
Parkinson's Disease Assessment
Assessment
Decreased Dopamine
Older Adult
Cogwheel Rigidity
Bradykinesia
Shuffling Gait
Resting Tremor
Pill-Rolling
Mask-Like Face
Cognitive Decline
2 mins
Parkinson's Disease Interventions
Medications
Levodopa/Carbidopa (Sinemet)
Entacapone (Comtan)
Selegiline (Eldepryl)
Amantadine (Symmetrel)
Bromocriptine (Parlodel)
Benztropine (Cogentin)
Considerations
Allow Extra Time
Ensure Patient Safety
Surgery As Last Resort
2 mins
Parkinson's Drugs
Parkinsons Characteristics
Decreased Dopamine
Increased Acetylcholine
Drug Names
BALSA Acronym
Bromocriptine
Amantadine
Levodopa
Selegiline
Antimuscarinics
2 mins
Levodopa/Carbidopa (Sinemet)
Indications
Parkinson's Disease
Mechanism of Action
Increase Dopamine in Brain
Cross blood-brain barrier
Increase bioavailability
Side Effects
Arrhythmias
Dyskinesia
1 min
Amantadine
Treats Parkinson Disease
MECHANISM
Increases dopamine availability
Increases dopamine release
Decreases dopamine reuptake
toxicity
Ataxia
Livedo reticularis
No longer used as an antiviral medication (Influenza A and Rubella) due to increase resistance
Levodopa/Carbidopa (Sinemet)
Mechanism
Increases Dopamine in Brain
Indications
Parkinson's Disease
Side Effects
Nausea and Vomiting
Arrhythmias
Dyskinesia
Psychosis
Orthostatic Hypotension
Considerations
Report Uncontrolled Movements
Darkened Sweat or Urine
Off and On Phenomenon
2 mins
Amantadine
Anti-viral
Mechanism of Action
Stimulates D2 Receptors
Blocks DAT (Dopamine Transporter)
Indication
Mild Parkinson's Disease (2nd-line)
Influenza
Side Effects
Ataxia
Livedo reticularis
Psychosis (C)
Nausea (C)
Dizziness (C)
Insomnia (C)
Seizures (C)
Considerations
Contraindicated in elderly with dementia (C)
Used in malaria: Positive charge helps chloroquine overcome chloroquine-resistant malaria vacuoles; point mutations against amantadine return bacteria to chloroquine-sensitivity
Benztropine (Cogentin)
Mechanism
Anticholinergic
Indications
Parkinson's Disease
Acute Dystonia
Side Effects
Mydriasis
Dry Mouth
Urinary Retention
Tachycardia
Constipation
Psychosis
1 min
Selegiline and Rasagiline
Mechanism
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAO-B)
Increase Dopamine
Indications
Adjunctive agent to L-DOPA in treatment of Parkinson's Disease
Early Parkinson's (C)
Selegiline treats depression at high doses (C)
Side Effects
May enhance adverse effects of L-DOPA
Selegeline comes in patch (EMSAM) to treat depression (C)
Sequesters circulating lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid organs via induction of intracellular internalization of receptors on lymphocytes
Indication
Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
Consideration
Oral daily
Patients must be VZV immune before prescription
Side Effects
Bradycardia
Heart Block
EKG/ECG for first 6 hours
Macular edema
Decreased FEV1
Increased LFT's
Leukopenia
Lymphopenia
Asthenia (Weakness and lack of energy)
Back Pain
Blurred Vision
Headache
Dizziness
Infections
Monoclonal antibody (Natalizumab, Alemtuzumab, Daclizumab) for Multiple Sclerosis (Class)
Daclizumab information
Daclizumab
Binds IL-2 receptor & prevents activation of T cells
Infection
Skin rash
Liver Toxicity
Alemtuzumab information
Alemtuzumab
Binds CD52 surface antigen on mature lymphocytes
Thrombocytopenia
Kidney Failure
Infusion Reactions
Infection
Natalizumab information
Natalizumab (Tysabri)
2nd line treatment for RRMS
Binds VLA4 (integrin subunit), inhibiting leukocyte migration across BBB
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)
JC virus
Hives (Urticaria)
Infusion Reactions
Headache
Dizziness
Fatigue
Shivering (Rigors)
Arthralgia
Dimethyl fumarate for MS (Class)
Mechanism
Enhances Nrf2 pathway
Th1 -> Th2 shift
Consideration
Oral BID
Side Effects
Diarrhea
Abdominal Pain
Nausea and Vomiting
Flushing
Pruritis
Rash
Redness
Types of Seizures
Tonic-Clonic
Tonic
Clonic
Absence (Petit Mal)
Myoclonic
Atonic
Partial (Focal) Seizure
Focal Aware (Formerly Called Simple Partial)
Focal Impaired Awareness (Formerly Called Complex Partial)
3 mins
Seizure Interventions
Maintain Airway
Side-lying Position
Support Head
Move to Floor
Benzodiazepines
Considerations
Never Restrain
No Objects in Mouth
Document Details
2 mins
Seizure Precautions
Reduce Environmental Stimuli
Identify Triggers
Aura
Pad Side Rails
Bed Lowest Position
Oxygen and Suction Available
Consideration
Monitor Therapeutic Drug Levels
2 mins
Carbamazepine and Oxcarbamazepine for Antiepileptics (Class)
Mechanism
Stabilizes Inactive State of Na+ Channels
Blocks Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels
Indication
More effective for complex partial seizure than primary generalized
Bipolar Disorder
Neuropathic Pain
Side Effects
Rash
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Mild Myelosuppression
Mild increase in LFTs
Can cause contraceptive failure
Carbamazepine information
Hepatic enzyme inducer (both auto- and hetero-inducer)
Highly protein bound
Must increase dose in 1-2 wks due to autoinduction
Side effects likely due to epoxide metabolite
Oxcarbamazepine information
Long half-life (Longer than Carbamazepine)
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