Elizabeth Shared "renal final exam" - 22 Picmonics
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renal final exam
Wilms' Tumor (Nephroblastoma)
Cause
Malignant Renal Tumor
Assessment
Abdominal Mass
Hematuria
Fever
Hypertension
Interventions
Nephrectomy
Chemotherapy
Radiation
Considerations
Do Not Palpate Abdomen
Children Under 5 Years Old
2 mins
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Disease
Mechanism and Characteristics
DHT-induced Growth Factors
Common in Men > 50 Years Old
Smooth, Symmetric, Firm Enlargement
Affects Lateral and Middle (Periurethral) Gland
Urethra Compression
Symptoms and Complications
Increased Urinary Frequency
Nocturia
Dysuria
Urinary Tract Infection
Hydronephrosis
1 min
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis
Digital Rectal Exam
Urinalysis to Detect Infection or Blood
Treatment
Alpha-1 Antagonists
Tamsulosin
5 Alpha Reductase Inhibitors
Finasteride
TURP (Transurethral Resection of Prostate)
1 min
Pyelonephritis Assessment
Cause/Mechanism
Ascending Urethral Bacteria
Assessment
Dysuria
Fever
Fatigue
Flank Pain
Costovertebral Tenderness
Nausea and Vomiting
1 min
Pyelonephritis Interventions
Urinalysis
NSAIDs
Antibiotics
Increase Fluid Intake
Avoid Catheterization
Consideration
Urosepsis
1 min
Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis (Type I)
Pathophysiology
Distal Tube
Defect in H+ Secretion
Labs
Increased Urinary pH
Urinary pH >5.5
Hypokalemia
Causes
Amphotericin B Toxicity
Autoimmune Disease
Lithium
Obstruction Of The Urinary Tract
Complication
Kidney Stones
Treatment
Bicarbonate
3 mins
Type 2 Renal Tubular Acidosis
Proximal Tubule
Pathophysiology
Inability To Reabsorb Bicarbonate
ETIOLOGY
Fanconi Syndrome
Sporadic Type
Familial Types
Autosomal Recessive
Acetazolamide
Characteristics
Decreased Urinary pH
Hypokalemia
Treatments
Treat Underlying Disorder
Alkali Therapy
4 mins
Renal Tubular Acidosis Type 4
Characteristics
Aldosterone Resistance
Decreased Aldosterone Production
Causes Of Hypoaldosteronism
Addison’s Disease (Primary Adrenal Insufficiency)
Hyporeninism
Causes Of Aldosterone Resistance
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole
Potassium Sparing Diuretics
Labs
Hyperkalemia
Low Urine pH
Diminished Ammonium (NH4) Urinary Excretion
Treatment
Furosemide
Fludrocortisone
5 mins
Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Most Common Cause Of Lower Urinary Tract Cancer
Risk factors
Cyclophosphamide
P-SAC
Cigarette Smoke
Azo Dyes, Alcohol, Anilines (Dyes, Rubber)
Older Adult
Signs and Symptoms
Painless Hematuria
3 mins
Fanconi Syndrome Characteristics
Pathophysiology
Resorption Defect in Proximal Tubule
Signs and Symptoms
Hypophosphatemia
Rickets
Osteomalacia
Hypokalemia
Metabolic Acidosis
Type 2 Renal Tubular Acidosis
Treatment
Treat Underlying Disorder
Bicarbonate
1 min
Fanconi Syndrome Causes
Hereditary Causes
Cystinosis
Dent's Disease
Wilson's Disease
Oculocerebrorenal (Lowe) Syndrome
Galactosemia
Hereditary Fructose Intolerance
Glycogen Storage Diseases
Tyrosinemia
Acquired and Medication Causes
Tenofovir
Heavy Metals
Expired Tetracyclines
Cisplatin
Gentamycin (Aminoglycosides)
Valproate Sodium
Multiple Myeloma
2 mins
Syndrome Of Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess (SAME)
Pathophysiology
11 Beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency
Elevated Cortisol
Low Renin
Low Aldosterone
Causes
Autosomal-Recessive
Licorice (glycyrrhetinic acid) Ingestion
Signs & Symptoms
Hypertension
Hypokalemia
Metabolic Alkalosis
Treatment
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
4 mins
Gitelman Syndrome
Pathophysiology
Autosomal Recessive
Defective Sodium-Chloride Cotransporter in Distal Tubule
Mechanism Mimics Thiazide Diuretics
Clinical Presentation
Cramping and Tetany
Severe Fatigue
Polyuria
Diagnosis
Hypokalemia
Metabolic Alkalosis
High Urine Chloride
Treatment
Electrolyte Supplements
Spironolactone
4 mins
Varicocele
Pathophysiology
Dilation of Pampiniform Plexus Veins
Signs and Symptoms
Soft Left-Sided Scrotal Mass
Bag of Worms
Increased Size with Standing or Valsalva
Decreased Size while Supine
Testicular Atrophy
Subfertility
Diagnosis
Ultrasound
Retrograde Venous Flow
Treatment
Surgical Gonadal Vein Ligation
Scrotal Support
3 mins
Hydrocele
Mechanism
Impaired Lymphatic Drainage
Signs and Symptoms
Large Scrotum
Painless
Considerations
Needle Aspiration or Surgery
Scrotal Support
Monitor for Bleeding and Infection
1 min
Yolk Sac Tumor
Germ-cell tumor
AFP
Aggressive Malignancy
Yellow, Friable Solid
Schiller-Duval Bodies
43 secs
Choriocarcinoma
Germ-cell tumor
Trophoblastic tissue
Hematogenous spread to lungs
Malignant
Theca-lutein cysts
Hydatidiform Mole
hCG
59 secs
Teratoma
Germ-cell Tumor
Dermoid Cyst (Benign and Mature Teratoma)
Immature Teratoma (Malignant)
Struma Ovarii
2 mins
Testicular Carcinoma Assessment
Cause/Mechanism
Seminoma Germ Cells
Non-Seminoma Germ Cells
Assessment
Painless Scrotal Mass
Testicular Swelling
Acute Pain Rare
Elevated Serum Tumor Markers
Considerations
Males Between 15-35 Years Old
Cryptorchidism
Testicular Self Exam
2 mins
Prostatitis
Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
Types
Sexually Transmitted Organisms
E. Coli Infection
Assessment
Flu-Like Symptoms
Perineal Pain
Dysuria
Sexual Dysfunction
Recurrent UTIs
Urinalysis
Tender Boggy Prostate
Management
Antibiotics
Considerations
Chronic Prostatitis
3 mins
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