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Pharm final
Parkinson's Drugs
Parkinsons Characteristics
Decreased Dopamine
Increased Acetylcholine
Drug Names
BALSA Acronym
Bromocriptine
Amantadine
Levodopa
Selegiline
Antimuscarinics
2 mins
Levodopa/Carbidopa (Sinemet)
Indications
Parkinson's Disease
Mechanism of Action
Increase Dopamine in Brain
Cross blood-brain barrier
Increase bioavailability
Side Effects
Arrhythmias
Dyskinesia
1 min
Levodopa/Carbidopa (Sinemet)
Mechanism
Increases Dopamine in Brain
Indications
Parkinson's Disease
Side Effects
Nausea and Vomiting
Arrhythmias
Dyskinesia
Psychosis
Orthostatic Hypotension
Considerations
Report Uncontrolled Movements
Darkened Sweat or Urine
Off and On Phenomenon
2 mins
Donepezil
Indications
Alzheimer's Disease
Mechanism of Action
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor
Increased Acetylcholine
Side Effects
Nausea and Vomiting
Dizziness
52 secs
Memantine
Indications
Alzheimer's Disease
Mechanism of Action
NMDA Receptor Antagonist
Prevents Excitotoxicity
Side Effects
Confusion
Hallucinations
1 min
Repaglinide and Nateglinide (Meglitinides)
Mechanisms
Meglitinides
Increased Insulin Release
Indications
Type 2 Diabetes
Side Effect
Hypoglycemia
Considerations
Eat Within 30 Minutes
Gemfibrozil Increases Risk of Hypoglycemia
Short Half-Life
2 mins
Metformin
Indications
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
Mechanism of Action
Decreased Gluconeogenesis
Increased Insulin Sensitivity
Side Effects
Lactic Acidosis
GI Distress
Weight Loss
B12 Deficiency
Contraindication
GFR < 30 ml/min
2 mins
Acarbose (Precose) and Miglitol (Glyset) (Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors)
Mechanisms
Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors
Delays Absorption of Carbohydrates
Indications
Type 2 Diabetes
Side Effects
Flatulence
Diarrhea
Anemia
Cramps
Considerations
Monitor LFTs
Oral Glucose for Hypoglycemia
2 mins
Pramlintide (Symlin)
Mechanism
Synthetic Amylin Analog
Indications
Diabetes Type 1 and 2
Supplement Mealtime Insulin
Side Effects
Nausea
Skin Reactions at Injection Site
Considerations
Hypoglycemia When Combined with Insulin
Delayed Absorption of Oral Drugs
2 mins
Metformin (Glucophage)
Mechanism
Decrease Glucose Production
Increase Insulin Sensitivity
Indications
Type 2 Diabetes
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
Side Effects
GI Distress
Decreased Appetite
Lactic Acidosis
Considerations
IV Contrast
Limit Alcohol Consumption
2 mins
Sitagliptin (Januvia) and Saxagliptin (Onglyza) (DPP-4 Inhibitors)
-gliptin Suffix
Mechanisms
DPP-4 Inhibitor
Increases Insulin Release
Indications
Type 2 Diabetes
Side Effects
Pancreatitis
Upper Respiratory Infection and Inflammation
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Considerations
Used as Add-on Agents
2 mins
Pioglitazone (Thiazolidinediones)
-glitazones Suffix
Mechanism
Binds PPAR-Gamma
Decreases Insulin Resistance
Indications
Type 2 Diabetes
Side Effects
Weight Gain
Heart Failure
Myalgia
Hypoglycemia
Upper Respiratory Infection
Considerations
Increased Risk of Bladder Cancer
Increased Fracture Risk in Women
Monitor Liver Enzymes
2 mins
Glyburide and Glipizide (2nd Generation Sulfonylureas)
Mechanisms
2nd Generation Sulfonylureas
Blocks Potassium Channels in Beta Cells
Stimulate Release of Insulin
Indications
Type 2 Diabetes
Side Effects
Hypoglycemia
Considerations
More Potent
Beta Blockers Reduce Effects
Avoid Alcohol
Avoid Breastfeeding
2 mins
Chlorpropamide and Tolbutamide (Orinase) (1st Generation Sulfonylureas)
Mechanisms
1st Generation Sulfonylureas
Stimulate Release of Insulin
Indications
Type 2 Diabetes
Side Effects
Hypoglycemia
Possible Cardiovascular Toxicity
Weight Gain
Considerations
Exacerbated Hypoglycemia with Beta-blockers
Avoid During Pregnancy and Breast Feeding
Avoid Alcohol
2 mins
Peptic Ulcer Disease Interventions
Combination Drug Therapy
Two Antibiotics
Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI)
Decrease Acid Secretion
Avoid NSAIDs
Diet and Lifestyle Changes
1 min
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis
Digital Rectal Exam
Urinalysis to Detect Infection or Blood
Treatment
Alpha-1 Antagonists
Tamsulosin
5 Alpha Reductase Inhibitors
Finasteride
TURP (Transurethral Resection of Prostate)
1 min
Steroid Hormones
Characteristics
Nuclear Membrane
Long-Lived and Slow-Acting
Cholesterol-Derived
Intracellular Receptors
DNA Transcription
Examples
Testosterone
Aldosterone
Estrogen
Cortisol
2 mins
Erectile Dysfunction
Cause/Mechanism
Age-Related Changes
Psychological
Medical Conditions
Drug-Induced
Assessment
Sexual Dysfunction (Unable to Maintain Erection)
Interventions
Phosphodiesterase Type 5 (PDE5) Inhibitors
Vacuum Constriction Devices
Intraurethral Devices
Penile Implants
Considerations
Sexual Counseling
2 mins
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Interventions
Interventions
Timed Voiding
Decreased Caffeine Intake
Catheterization
Medications
Finasteride (Proscar)
Tamsulosin (Flomax)
Surgical Interventions
TURP Procedure
Open Prostatectomy
Continuous Bladder Irrigation (CBI)
2 mins
5 Alpha Reductase Deficiency
Autosomal Recessive
Inability to Convert Testosterone to DHT
Normal Internal Genitalia
Ambiguous External Genitalia until Puberty
Masculinization During Puberty with Growth of External Genitalia
LH can be Increased
Normal Estrogen, LH, and Testosterone levels
2 mins
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