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Step- Reproductive
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
Mechanism
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Chlamydia Trachomatis
Symptoms
Cervical Motion Tenderness
Chandelier Sign
Salpingitis
Tubo-ovarian abscess
Hydrosalpinx
Complications
Ectopic Pregnancy
Infertility
Adhesions
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome
2 mins
Branchial Pouches: 1st Pouch
Endoderm Lines the Auditory Tube
Middle Ear Cavity
Eustachian Tube
Mastoid Air Cells
1 min
Branchial Pouches: 2nd Pouch
Palatine Tonsils
38 secs
Branchial Pouches: 3rd Pouch
Separates into Dorsal and Ventral Wings
Dorsal Wings
Inferior Parathyroid Glands
Ventral Wings
Thymus
1 min
Branchial Pouches: 4th Pouch
Separates into Dorsal and Ventral Wings
Dorsal Wings
Superior Parathyroid Glands
Ventral Wings
Parafollicular (C) Cells of Thyroid Gland
Formed by Endoderm
1 min
Thymic Aplasia (DiGeorge Syndrome)
Pathophysiology
DiGeorge Syndrome
22q11 Deletion
Failure to Develop Third and Fourth Pharyngeal Pouches
Signs and Symptoms
Undeveloped Thymus
T Cell Deficiency
Recurrent Viral and Fungal Infections
Undeveloped Parathyroids
Hypocalcemia
Tetany
Aortic Defects
Congenital Heart Defects
Diagnosis
Absent Thymic Shadow on CXR
2 mins
MEN 2A (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia)
Pathophysiology
Autosomal Dominant
RET Gene
Signs and Symptoms
Medullary Thyroid carcinoma
Calcitonin
Parathyroid
Pheochromocytoma
45 secs
Ejaculation Pathway
SEVEn UP
Seminiferous Tubules
Epididymis
Vas Deferens
Ejaculatory Ducts
Urethra
Penis
1 min
Ovulatory Hormones I - Follicular Phase
Characteristics
0-14 Days
GnRH Stimulates FSH and LH
Follicle Secretes Estrogen
Negative Feedback from Estrogen
Increased Estrogen Leads to Positive Feedback
FSH and LH Surge
LH Spike Leads to Ovulation
2 mins
Ovulatory Hormones II - Luteal Phase
Days 15-28
Corpus Luteum
Secretes Progesterone
Negative Feedback inhibits FSH and LH
No pregnancy forms Corpus Albicans
Stops Estrogen Secretion
Endometrial Sloughing - Menses
GnRH secretion produces new follicular phase
2 mins
Oogenesis
Characteristics
Primary Oocytes From Birth
Meiosis I Once a Month
Secondary Oocyte Plus Polar Body
Frozen in Metaphase II, in Meiosis II
Ovulation
Fertilization by Sperm
Meiosis II
Ovum
Zygote Forms
2 mins
Menopause Symptoms
Symptoms
HAVOCS Mnemonic
Hot Flashes
Atrophy of Vagina
Osteoporosis
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Sleep disturbances
50 secs
Menopause Lab Findings
Decreased Estrogen
Lack of Negative Feedback
Increased FSH
Increased LH
Increased GnRH
Small Amount of Estrogen From Androgen Conversion
Increased Androgens = Hirsutism
1 min
Spermatogenesis
Seminiferous Tubules
Sertoli Cells
Spermatogonia
Mitosis
Primary Spermatocyte
Meiosis I
Secondary Spermatocyte
Meiosis II
Spermatid
Spermatozoa
Acrosome
Flagellum
2 mins
Klinefelter's Syndrome
Pathophysiology
Male (XXY)
Signs and Symptoms
Eunuchoid Body Shape
Gynecomastia and Female Hair Distribution
Testicular Atrophy
Dysgenesis of Seminiferous Tubules
Possible Developmental Delay
Hypogonadism
Decreased Inhibin B
Increased FSH
Abnormal Leydig Cell Function
Decreased Testosterone
Increased LH
Increased Estrogen
Barr body (inactivated X chromosome)
6 mins
Turner Syndrome
Signs and Symptoms
Female (XO)
Short stature
Shield Chest
Cystic Hygroma (Webbing of Neck)
Lymphedema in Hands and Feet
Ovarian Dysgenesis
Streak Ovary
Decreased Estrogen
Increased FSH
Increased LH
Dysgerminoma
Bicuspid Aortic Valve
Preductal Coarctation of the Aorta
Horseshoe Kidney
Menopause before Menarche
Amenorrhea
5 mins
Androgen Insensitivity (Complete)
Defect in Androgen Receptor
Phenotypically Female
(46, XY)
Female External Genitalia
Rudimentary Vagina
Scant Sexual Hair
Testes Often in Labia Majora
Testes Surgically Removed to Prevent Malignancy
Increased Estrogen, Testosterone, and LH
Absent Uterus and Fallopian Tubes
3 mins
5 Alpha Reductase Deficiency
Autosomal Recessive
Inability to Convert Testosterone to DHT
Normal Internal Genitalia
Ambiguous External Genitalia until Puberty
Masculinization During Puberty with Growth of External Genitalia
LH can be Increased
Normal Estrogen, LH, and Testosterone levels
2 mins
Kallman Syndrome
Mutation in KAL-1 or FGFR-1 Gene
Failure of GnRH Secreting Neurons
Delayed Puberty
Anosmia
Hypogonadism
Infertility
2 mins
Placental Implantation Abnormalities
Mechanism
Placenta Adheres Directly to Myometrium
Placenta Accreta
Placenta Increta
Placenta Percreta
Caused by Scar Tissue
Hemorrhage
Diagnosis
Ultrasound is First-line, then MRI
Treatment
C-section Delivery
Artery Ligation or Embolization
2 mins
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