Wayne Shared "Pathology Bliss 6/9/2024" - 51 Picmonics
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Pathology Bliss 6/9/2024
Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock Assessment
Microthrombi
DIC
Decreased Oxygen Saturation
Decreased WBC
Oliguria
High Output Heart Failure
Multiple Organ Failure
2 mins
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Pathophysiology
Bleeding State
Activation of Clotting Factors
Deficiency of Clotting Factors
Causes
Sepsis
Trauma
Obstetric Complications
Acute Pancreatitis
Malignancy
Nephrotic Syndrome
Transfusion
2 mins
Common Causes of Sepsis
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Streptococcus bovis
Gram Negatives
Enterococci
Listeria
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria meningitidis
2 mins
Sepsis Assessment
Signs and Symptoms
Systemic Infectious Process
Fever
Hypotension
Change in LOC
Increased WBC
Shift to the Left
Tachycardia
Tachypnea
Hyperglycemia
Edema
2 mins
Types of Shock
Hypovolemic
Depleted Volume
Cardiogenic
Pump Failure
Obstructive
Indirect Pump Failure
Distributive
Lost Vascular Tone
Neurogenic
Anaphylactic
Septic
2 mins
Pulmonary Embolism Causes
Causes
FAT BAT Mnemonic
Fat
Air
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
Bacteria
Amniotic Fluid
Tumor
Risk Factors
Hypercoagulable
Central Venous Lines
Immobilized
1 min
Wells' Criteria for Pulmonary Embolism
Scoring
Clinical Symptoms of DVT (+3)
Pulmonary Embolism Most Likely Diagnosis (+3)
Tachycardia (+1.5)
Immobilization > 3 Days (+1.5)
Previous DVT or PE (+1.5)
Hemoptysis (+1)
Malignancy (+1)
Probability
> 6 = High
2-6 = Moderate
< 2 = Low
3 mins
Pulmonary Embolism Presentation and Diagnosis
Presentation
Sudden onset Shortness of Breath (S.O.B.)
Tachypnea
Pleuritic Chest Pain
Hemoptysis
Hypoxemia
Sudden Death
Diagnosis
Gold Standard: CT Pulmonary Angiography
X-Ray
D-Dimer
V/Q Scan
1 min
Amyloidosis
Etiologies
Primary
Multiple Myeloma
Secondary
Tuberculosis (TB)
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Pathology
Congo Red Stain
Apple Green Birefringence
Complications
Nephrotic Syndrome
2 mins
Multiple Sclerosis Features and Mechanisms
Features
More Common in Women
Presents in 20's and 30's
Northern Europeans
Mechanism
Unknown mechanism, genetic factor
HLA-DRB1
Autoimmune Demyelination of CNS
White Matter of Brain and Spinal Cord
T Cell Mediated Inflammation
2 mins
Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma
Epidemiology
Most Common Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Usually in Older Adults
20% in Children
Features
May be Mature T Cell in Origin
Derives from Germinal Center
GI Tract and Brain
2 mins
Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF)
Etiology
Most Common Inherited Fever Syndrome
Mediterranean Populations
Cause/Mechanism
Autosomal Recessive
Clinical Symptoms
Recurring Fever
Abdominal Pain
Serositis
Arthralgia
Chest Pain
Scrotal Pain
Mistaken for Appendicitis
Complication
AA Amyloidosis
Treatment
Colchicine
2 mins
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
Pathophysiology
BCR-ABL
9;22 Translocation
Philadelphia Chromosome
Signs & Symptoms
Tyrosine Kinase
Low Alkaline Phosphatase
Splenomegaly
Considerations
Blast Crisis
Age 30 to 90 Years
Responds to Imatinib
3 mins
Imatinib (Gleevec)
Indications
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
Inhibitor of BCR-ABL Tyrosine Kinase
Caused by Philadelphia Chromosome
GI Stromal Tumors
Inhibitor of C-kit Tyrosine Kinase
Toxicity
Fluid Retention
1 min
Burkitt's Lymphoma
Adolescents or young adults
C-myc gene moves next to heavy chain Ig gene
T 8;14
Starry sky appearance
Sheets of lymphocytes with interspersed macrophages
Jaw lesion in endemic (African) form
Pelvis or abdomen in non endemic form (American form)
Associated with EBV
2 mins
Neoplastic Colonic Polyps
Characteristic
Malignant
Types
Adenomatous Polyps
APC and KRAS Mutation
Villous Type is more Malignant
Serrated Polyps
BRAF Mutation
Saw-Tooth Pattern
2 mins
Trastuzumab
Indications
HER-2+ Breast Cancer
Stomach Cancer
Mechanism
Monoclonal Antibody Against HER-2
Inhibition of Cellular Signaling
Cytotoxicity
Side effects
Cardiotoxicity
1 min
Breast Cancer Diagnosis
Mammography
Ultrasound
MRI for High Risk Patients
Confirmed with Biopsy
Considerations
Lymph Node Involvement
Receptor Positivity
Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors
HER-2
2 mins
MEN 2A (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia)
Pathophysiology
Autosomal Dominant
RET Gene
Signs and Symptoms
Medullary Thyroid carcinoma
Calcitonin
Parathyroid
Pheochromocytoma
45 secs
MEN 2B (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia)
Pathophysiology
RET Gene
Autosomal Dominant
Signs and Symptoms
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Pheochromocytoma
Mucosal Neuromas
Marfanoid Body Habitus
2 mins
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