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Tristan Shared "MSK Exam 1" - 44 Picmonics

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MSK Exam 1

Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Pathophysiology
Autosomal Dominant
Decreased Type I Collagen Production
Symptoms
Phenotypically Diverse
Brittle Bone Disease
Fractures from Minimal Trauma
Confused with Child Abuse
Hearing Loss
Dental Imperfections
Blue Sclera
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1 min
Achondroplasia
Mechanism
Autosomal Dominant
Advanced Paternal Age
Most Common Cause of Dwarfism
Mutation of FGFR3 (Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3)
Defective Endochondral Ossification
Symptoms
Delayed Motor Milestones
Shortened Limbs with Normal Axial Skeleton Size
May Develop Hydrocephalus
Symptoms of Spinal Stenosis
Normal Life Span and Fertility
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2 mins
Fibrous Dysplasia
Pathophysiology
Bone Replaced by Collagen and Fibroblasts
Location
Face and Skull
Ribs
Long Bones of Arms and Legs
Sign and Symptom
Bone Pain
Diagnosis
"Ground Glass" Appearance on Imaging
Complication
Fracture
Association
McCune-Albright Syndrome
Treatment
Supportive
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2 mins
Osteopetrosis (Marble Bone Disease)
Pathophysiology
Defective Osteoclast Resorption
Carbonic Anhydrase II Mutation
Lack of Acidic Environment
Symptoms
Fractures
Nerve Palsies
Diagnosis
Myelophthisic Anemia
Erlenmeyer Flask Bones
Normal ALP and PTH
Normal Calcium and Phosphorus
Bone-in-bone Appearance
Treatment
Bone Marrow Transplant
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2 mins
Paget's Disease of Bone
Pathophysiology
Men > Age 40
Increased Osteoblast and Osteoclast activity
Mosaic Pattern
Signs and Symptoms
Increased Skull Diameter
Hearing Loss
Fractures
Bone Ache and Joint Pain
High Output Heart Failure
Diagnosis
Bone Scan
Normal Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and Calcium
Elevated ALP
Treatment
Bisphosphonate
Calcitonin
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2 mins
Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease
Pathophysiology
Idiopathic Avascular Necrosis of Femoral Head
Boys 5-7 Years of Age
Symptoms < 18 Months
Signs & Symptoms
Painless Limp
Limited Range of Motion
Intermittent Anterior Thigh Pain
Insidious Pain in Knee
Atrophy of Upper Thigh
Diagnosis
AP and Frog Leg Lateral X-ray
Compression and Deformity of Femoral Head
Treatment
Bed Rest
NSAIDs
Containment with Brace or Cast
Surgery
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4 mins
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)
Pathophysiology
Separation of Femoral Epiphysis from Femoral Neck
Through Growth Plate (Physeal Plate)
Obesity
Male Adolescents
African American
Growth and Sex Hormone Imbalances
Signs & Symptoms
Thigh or Knee Pain
Inability to Bear Weight
Decreased Internal Rotation of Hip
Obligate External Rotation of Hip with Flexion
Diagnosis
Frog Leg Lateral X-ray
Treatment
Surgical Pinning
Complications
Avascular Necrosis of Femoral Head
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3 mins
Osteomyelitis
Cause/Mechanism
Bone Infection
Assessment
Warmth
Edema
Constant Bone Pain
Fever
Interventions
IV Antibiotics
Implanted Beads
Hyperbaric Oxygen
Surgical Removal of Ischemic Tissue
Considerations
Elevated ESR
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3 mins
Osteoporosis Assessment
Highest Risk
Postmenopausal Women
Long Term Corticosteroids
Assessment
Kyphosis
Dowager's Hump
Loss of Height
Back Pain
Pathologic Fractures
Spinal Compression Fracture
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1 min
Osteoporosis Interventions
Increased Calcium Intake
Vitamin D Supplements
Bisphosphonates
Raloxifene
Denosumab
Calcitonin
Teriparatide
Bone Densitometry (DEXA) Scan
Weight Bearing Exercises
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2 mins
Vitamin D Deficiency
Signs & Symptoms
Rickets in children
Bending bones
Rachitic rosary
Breast milk has decreased vitamin D
Osteomalacia in adults
Tetany from Hypocalcemia
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2 mins
Vitamin C Mechanism and Deficiency
Mechanism
Ascorbic acid
Antioxidant
Protects Against Free Radicals
Keeps Iron in Reduced State
Hydroxylation of Proline and Lysine
Necessary for Dopamine B Hydroxylase
Deficiency Signs and Symptoms
Scurvy
Swollen Gums
Bruising
Poor Wound Healing
Hemarthrosis
Perifollicular Hemorrhages
Anemia
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4 mins
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Assessment
Hypercalcemia
Kidney Stones
Osteoporosis
Arrhythmias
Diagnostic Tests
Increased Calcium and Decreased Phosphorus
Considerations
Prevent Injury
Medication Education
Surgery
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1 min
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Characteristics
Hypocalcemia or Hyperphosphatemia
Increased Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Increased Alkaline Phosphatase (ALK-P)
Reactive Parathyroid Hyperplasia
Etiologies
Chronic Kidney Disease
Vitamin D Deficiency
Diagnosis
Laboratory Tests
Management
Treat Underlying Disorder
Phosphate Binders
Vitamin D Supplements
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2 mins
Osteoma
Benign
Cortex
Compact and Wavy (Trabecular) Bone
Skull and Paranasal Sinuses
Symptoms are Variable
ASSOCIATIONS
Gardner Syndrome
Tuberous Sclerosis
CHARACTERISTICS
Lesions with Density Identical to the Cortex
TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS
Observation
No Malignant Transformation
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3 mins
Osteoid Osteoma and Osteoblastoma
Characteristics
Benign Bone Tumors
Osteoid Osteoma
Osteoid Osteoma
Cortex of Long Bones
Pain Relieved by NSAIDs
Pain Worse at Night
<2 cm
Radiolucent Nidus with Surrounding Sclerosis
Osteoblastoma
Osteoblastoma
Spine
Pain Not Relieved by NSAIDs
> 2 cm
Radiolucent Nidus without Surrounding Sclerosis
Management
Surgery
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3 mins
Osteosarcoma
Pathophysiology
Osteogenic Sarcoma
Peak incidence men 10-20 years old
Metaphysis of Long Bones
Knee Region
Radiation
Familial Retinoblastoma
Paget's Disease
Diagnosis
Codman Triangle
Sunburst Pattern from Elevated Periosteum
Grave Prognosis
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2 mins
Osteochondroma
Characteristics
Most Common Benign Bone Tumor
Males Under 25
Cartilage-capped Spurs
Metaphysis of Long Bones
Small Risk of Chondrosarcoma
Clinical Features
Painless Mass near Joint
Painful if Growing or Malignant
Workup
X-Ray
MRI if Concern for Malignancy or Functional Limitation
Management
Monitoring
Surgery
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3 mins
Chondrosarcoma
Pathophysiology
Cartilaginous tumor
Malignant
Men 30-60 years old
Pelvic and femur bones
Signs & Symptoms
Glistening mass in medullary cavity
Can be primary in origin or from osteochondroma
Metastasize to lungs
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1 min
Giant Cell Tumor
Pathophysiology
Osteoclastoma
Epiphyseal End of Long Bones
Peak Incidence 20-40 Years
Benign
Knee Region
Diagnosis
Soap Bubble Appearance on X-ray
Spindle-shaped Cells
Multinucleated Giant Cells
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46 secs

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