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Pharm 2 - Exam 4
Cushing's Syndrome Assessment
Assessment
Increased Cortisol Levels
Truncal Obesity
Purple Abdominal Striae
Buffalo Hump
Decreased Bone Density
Moon Face
Thinning Skin
Hyperglycemia
Hypertension
Considerations
Long Term Glucocorticoid Use
Immunosuppression
2 mins
Addison's Disease Intervention
Drug Therapy
Hydrocortisone
2/3 Dose in Morning
1/3 Dose in Late Afternoon
Fludrocortisone
Androgen Replacement Therapy
Considerations
Salt Additives
Increase Dosage During Stress and Infection
Medic Alert Bracelet
Lifelong Hormone Therapy
2 mins
Addison's Disease Assessment
Assessment
Deficiency of Cortisol and Aldosterone
Irritability
Hyperkalemia
Muscle Weakness
Skin Hyperpigmentation
Hyponatremia
Hypotension
Hypoglycemia
Considerations
Addisonian Crisis
2 mins
Syndrome Of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
Pathophysiology
Hypersecretion of ADH
Increased Sensitivity to ADH
Signs & Symptoms
Serum Hypoosmolality
Coma and Seizure
Dilutional Hyponatremia
Cramps and Tremors
Euvolemia
Change in LOC
2 mins
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) Pharmacologic Interventions
Diuretics
Hypertonic IV Fluids
Demeclocycline
Tolvaptan and Conivaptan
1 min
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) Nonpharmacologic Interventions
Monitor Serum and Urine Osmolality
IandOs with Daily Weights
Restrict Fluid Intake
Monitor Cardiovascular and Neurological Status
Seizure Precautions
2 mins
Propylthiouracil (PTU) and Methimazole (MMI)
Indications
Hyperthyroidism
Mechanism
Inhibits Thyroid Peroxidase
PTU Blocks Peripheral Conversion of T4 to T3
Side Effects
Agranulocytosis
Skin Rash
Hepatotoxicity (PTU)
Teratogen (MMI)
1 min
Levothyroxine (Synthroid)
Mechanism
Synthetic T4
Indications
Hypothyroidism
Side Effects
Thyrotoxicosis
Tremors
Heat Intolerance
Insomnia
Tachycardia
Considerations
Do Not Use for Obesity
TSH Monitoring
2 mins
Metformin (Glucophage)
Mechanism
Decrease Glucose Production
Increase Insulin Sensitivity
Indications
Type 2 Diabetes
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
Side Effects
GI Distress
Decreased Appetite
Lactic Acidosis
Considerations
IV Contrast
Limit Alcohol Consumption
2 mins
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Causes
Malnutrition/Malabsorption
Hemorrhage
Signs
Microcytic, Hypochromic Anemia
Decreased Heme Synthesis
Labs
Decreased Reticulocytes
Decreased Ferritin
Increased Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW)
Poikilocytosis
Anisocytosis
Increased Central Pallor
2 mins
Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)
Mechanism
Vitamin B12
Indications
Vitamin Deficiency
Pernicious Anemia
Side Effects
Hypokalemia
Arthralgia
Dizziness
Considerations
IM Injection for Pernicious Anemia
Never Give IV
2 mins
Tamoxifen
Mechanism of Action
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM)
Antagonist on Breast Tissue
Indications
ER-positive Breast Cancer
Side Effects
Decreased Risk of Osteoporosis
Increased Risk of Endometrial Cancer
Increased Risk of Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)
1 min
Somatostatin
Secreted by D Cells
Pancreas
GI Tract
Action
Decrease Secretion of Gastric Acid and Pepsinogen
Decrease Pancreatic and Small Intestine Fluid Secretion
Decrease Gallbladder Contraction
Decrease Glucagon and Insulin Secretion
Regulation
Secretion is Increased by Acid
Secretion is Decreased by Vagal Stimulation
Clinical Use
Octreotide
Carcinoid Syndrome
Variceal Bleeds
2 mins
Insulin
Rapid Acting
Insulin Lispro (Humalog)
Insulin Aspart (Novolog)
Insulin Glulisine (Apidra)
Short Acting
Regular Insulin (Humulin R)
Intermediate Acting
Isophane NPH (Humulin N)
Long Acting
Detemir (Levemir)
Glargine (Lantus)
2 mins
Repaglinide and Nateglinide (Meglitinides)
Mechanisms
Meglitinides
Increased Insulin Release
Indications
Type 2 Diabetes
Side Effect
Hypoglycemia
Considerations
Eat Within 30 Minutes
Gemfibrozil Increases Risk of Hypoglycemia
Short Half-Life
2 mins
Acarbose (Precose) and Miglitol (Glyset) (Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors)
Mechanisms
Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors
Delays Absorption of Carbohydrates
Indications
Type 2 Diabetes
Side Effects
Flatulence
Diarrhea
Anemia
Cramps
Considerations
Monitor LFTs
Oral Glucose for Hypoglycemia
2 mins
Pioglitazone (Thiazolidinediones)
-glitazones Suffix
Mechanism
Binds PPAR-Gamma
Decreases Insulin Resistance
Indications
Type 2 Diabetes
Side Effects
Weight Gain
Heart Failure
Myalgia
Hypoglycemia
Upper Respiratory Infection
Considerations
Increased Risk of Bladder Cancer
Increased Fracture Risk in Women
Monitor Liver Enzymes
2 mins
Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)
Mechanism
Ferrous Salts
Indications
Anemia
Side Effects
GI Distress
Nausea and Vomiting
Dark Stools
Considerations
Take Between Meals
Liquid can Stain Teeth
Keep out of Reach from Children
Caution with GI Disorders
Avoid Antacids
3 mins
Cyclophosphamide
Mechanism
Requires Bioactivation by Liver
Cross-links DNA
Guanine N7 Position
Indications
Autoimmune Disorders
Leukemia
Lymphoma
Solid Tumors
Side Effects
Myelosuppression
Hemorrhagic Cystitis
Prevent with Mesna
3 mins
Methotrexate
Indications
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Cancer
Medical Abortion
Mechanism
Folic Acid Analog
Inhibits Dihydrofolate Reductase
Side Effects
Pulmonary Fibrosis
Myelosuppression is Treated with Leucovorin Rescue (Folinic Acid)
Macrocytic Anemia
Hepatitis
Teratogenic
Mucositis
2 mins
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