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Cardiovascular Disorders
ECG Interpretation
Rate
Rhythm
P Waves
Upright, Rounded, Before Every QRS
PR Interval (< 0.20 seconds)
Normal QRS (< 0.12 seconds)
2 mins
Parts of an ECG
PQRST
P Wave
Atrial Depolarization
QRS Complex
Ventricular Depolarization
T Wave
Ventricular Repolarization
2 mins
12 Lead Contiguous Leads - Lateral Wall MI
Leads Elevated
Lead I
Lead aVL
Lead V5
Lead V6
Artery Affected
Circumflex
1 min
12 Lead Contiguous Leads - Anterior Wall MI
Leads Elevated
Lead V3
Lead V4
Artery Affected
Left Anterior Descending (LAD)
56 secs
12 Lead Contiguous Leads - Inferior Wall MI
Leads Elevated
Lead II
Lead III
Lead aVF
Artery Affected
Right Coronary Artery (RCA)
56 secs
12 Lead Contiguous Leads - Septal Wall MI
Elevated Leads
Lead V1
Lead V2
Artery Affected
Left Anterior Descending (LAD)
48 secs
Torsades de Pointes
Characteristics
Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia
Prolonged QT Interval
QRS Twist Around Isoelectric Line
Causes
Congenital
Antibiotics
Antiarrhythmics
Antipsychotics
Antidepressants
Electrolyte Deficiencies
Complications
Ventricular Fibrillation
Treatment
Stable: Magnesium Sulfate
Unstable: Defibrillation
3 mins
Cardiac Enzyme Evaluation: Troponin
Measures
Cardiac Muscle Injury
Time Ranges
Detection in Blood: 4 Hours
Peak: 24 - 36 Hours
Return to Normal: 5 - 14 Days
Considerations
Most Specific for Cardiac Muscle
Treat Aggressively
2 mins
Cardiac Enzyme Evaluation: Myoglobin
Measures
Skeletal or Cardiac Muscle Injury
Time Ranges
Onset: 1 - 4 Hours
Peak: 12 Hours
Return to Normal: 24 Hours
Considerations
Elevation After 24 Hours: Reinfarction
2 mins
Cardiac Enzyme Evaluation: Creatine Kinase CK-MB
Measures
Skeletal or Cardiac Muscle Injury
Time Ranges
Onset: 4-8 Hours
Peak: 12-24 Hours
Return to Normal: 2-3 Days
1 min
Primary Hypertension Risk Factors
Excessive Alcohol Consumption
High Sodium Diet
Dyslipidemia
Obesity
People of African Descent
Advanced Age
Vitamin D Deficiency
Reduced Nephron Number
Diabetes
Lack of Physical Activity
2 mins
Blood Pressure Classification (ACC/AHA 2017)
Classifications
Normal
Systolic Less than 120
Diastolic Less than 80
Elevated
Systolic +10 (120-129)
Diastolic Less than 80
Stage 1 Hypertension
Systolic +10 (130-139)
Diastolic +10 (80-89)
Stage 2 Hypertension
Systolic +40 (140-179)
Diastolic +30 (90-119)
Hypertensive Crisis
Systolic greater than or equal to 180
Diastolic greater than or equal to 120
5 mins
Hypertension Assessment
Mechanism
Essential Hypertension
Secondary Hypertension
Assessment
Headache
Vision Changes
Nosebleed (Epistaxis)
Chest Pain
Syncope (Fainting)
Diagnosis
Average 2 Sets, 2 Minutes Apart
After 2 or More Visits (within 1-4 weeks)
Nursing Considerations
Take BP Both Arms
Common in African Americans
2 mins
Hypertension Intervention
Lifestyle Modifications
Weight Reduction and Exercise
Diet Changes
Relaxation Techniques
Smoking Cessation
Medications
Encourage Self Monitoring
1 min
Hypertension Medications
Diuretics
ACE Inhibitors
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
Beta Blockers
Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blockers
2 mins
Supine Hypotension (Vena Cava Syndrome)
Mechanism
Compression of the Vena Cava and Descending Aorta
Signs and Symptoms
Hypotension
Dizziness
Tachycardia
Decreased Renal Perfusion
Decreased Uteroplacental Perfusion
Intervention
Side-lying Position
2 mins
Stable Angina
Assessment
Chest Pain with Exertion
Relieved within 15 Minutes
ST Depression
Interventions
Nitroglycerin
Up to 3 Doses q 5 Minutes
Rest
Antiplatelet Medication
CABG
Angioplasty
2 mins
Unstable Angina
Assessment
Chest Pain with Rest or Exertion
Limits ADLs
> 15 Minutes
Less Likely Relieved by Nitroglycerin
ST Depression
Fatigue
Considerations
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) Treatment
Emergency Treatment
2 mins
Myocardial Infarction Assessment
Assessment
Substernal Chest Pain
Crushing or Dull Sensation
Arm, Jaw, and Neck
> 20 Minutes
Unrelieved by Nitro
Palpitations
Diaphoresis
Fear of Impending Doom
Nausea and Vomiting
Shortness of Breath
Considerations
Monitor for Arrhythmias
2 mins
Myocardial Infarction Diagnosis
Diagnosis
12 Lead ECG
ST Elevation
Q Wave
T Wave Inversion
Troponin T and I
CK-MB
Considerations
Early ECG
Cardiac Stress Test
2 mins
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