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Cardiac
Circle of Willis
Characteristics
Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) Supplies Motor/Sensory Parts of the Cortex for Lower Extremities
Anterior Communicating Artery (Acomm) Connects ACA to ACA
Internal Carotid Arteries (ICA)
Middle Cerebral Arteries (MCA) Supply Cortex for Upper Limbs and Face
Posterior Communicating Artery (Pcomm) Connects ICA to PCA
High-pitched Holosystolic Murmer (over left sternal border)
Dyspnea and Respiratory Distress
Loud Pulmonic S2
Diagnosis
Echocardiogram
Treatment
Small VSDs Close Spontaneously
Large VSDs Require Surgery
Complications
Endocarditis
Eisenmenger's Syndrome
CHF
2 mins
Persistent Truncus Arteriosus
Common Arterial Trunk
Single Trunk Emerges from Both Ventricles
Symptoms
Cyanosis
Pulmonary Congestion
Heart Failure
Single S2 Sound
Diagnosis
Echocardiogram
Chest X-ray
Treatment
Early Surgical Correction
Avoids Pulmonary Hypertension
2 mins
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR)
Pathophysiology
Pulmonary Veins Do Not Connect to Left Atrium
Oxygenated Blood Return to Right Atrium
Incompatible with Life without a Shunt
With Obstruction
Vessel Enters at an Acute Angle
Severe Cyanosis
Pulmonary Edema
Without Obstruction
Delayed Manifestation (1 or 2 years)
Right Heart Failure
Chest X-ray Shows "Snowman"
Diagnosis
Echocardiogram
Treatment
Surgical Correction
3 mins
Transposition of Great Vessels
Pathophysiology
Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation are in Parallel
Incompatible with Life Without a Shunt
Symptoms
Severe Cyanosis at Birth
Single S2 sound
Diagnosis
Echocardiogram
Chest X-ray shows "Egg-shaped Silhouette"
Treatment
Prostaglandin
Avoid NSAIDs
Surgical Correction
Balloon Atrial Septostomy
2 mins
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