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Pharm I - NSG3022
Routes of Administration Part One
Enteral Administration
Oral
Sublingual
Buccal
Rectal
Tubes
Topical or Mucous Membrane Administration
Transdermal
Drops/Spray
Vaginal
Inhalation Administration
Inhalation
2 mins
Routes of Administration Part Two (Parenteral)
Parenteral Administration
Intradermal
Subcutaneous
Intramuscular (IM)
Intravenous
Epidural
Intrathecal
Intraosseous
Intraperitoneal
2 mins
Intramuscular Medication (IM) Administration
Risks
Injury to Nerves, Bone, and Blood Vessels
Sites
Deltoid
Vastus Lateralis
Ventrogluteal
Nursing Considerations
Selection of Needle Length
Aseptic Technique for Drawing Up
Z-Track
90 Degree Angle
Max Amount (2-5 mL Adult, 1 mL Child)
Techniques to Reduce Pain
2 mins
Ear Drops Medication Administration
Indications
Earwax Buildup
Ear Infections
Pulling The Pinna
Child - Back and Downward
Adult - Back and Upward
Procedure
Side-Lying with Ear Up
Instill Medication
Stay for 2-3 Minutes
Nursing Considerations
Room Temperature
May Massage Tragus
Perforated Eardrum
2 mins
Eye Medication Administration
Procedure
Supine with Neck Hyperextended
Wash Away Crusts
Cotton Ball on Cheekbone
For Ophthalmic Drops
Instill Drops into Conjunctival Sac
Repeat if Missed or Patient Blinks
5 Minutes Before 2nd Medication
For Ophthalmic Ointment
Thin Stream Along Inner Edge
Inner Canthus to Outer Canthus
2 mins
Metric System
Weight
Kilogram (kg)
Gram (g/gm)
Milligram (mg)
Microgram (mcg)
Volume
Liter (L)
Milliliter (mL)
Length
Meter (m)
Converting
Larger to Smaller: Multiply
Smaller to Larger: Divide
3 mins
Conversions: Weight
1000 mcg = 1 mg
1000 mg = 1 g
1000 g = 1 kg
2.2 lb = 1 kg
1 min
Conversions: Volume
Volume
1 mL = 1 cc
5 mL = 1 Tsp
15 mL = 1 Tbsp
30 mL = 1 oz
1000 mL = 1L
2 Tbsp = 1 oz
8 oz = 1 Cup
2 mins
Conversions: Pounds and Kilograms
2.2 lb (pounds)
1 kg (kilogram)
Know Your Own Weight
37 secs
Standard Formula
Memorize the Formula
Dose Ordered
Dose on Hand
Amount on Hand (Quantity)
Before Calculating the Dose
Ensure Same Units and System of Measurement
Calculating the Dose
Dose Ordered/Dose on Hand X Amount on Hand = Amount to Administer
2 mins
IV Calculation Formulas
IV TUBING
Drop Factor
Macrodrip
Microdrip
FLOW RATES
Total Volume to Infuse (mL) X Drop Factor/ Time in Minutes = Drops/Minute (gtt/min)
INFUSION TIME
Total Volume to Infuse / mL per Hour Being Infused = Infusion Time
Number of mL/Hr
Total Volume in mL / Time in Hours = Number of mL per Hour
3 mins
Infusions Prescribed by Unit Dosage per Hour
Step 1
Determine Amount of Medication per 1mL
Known Amount of Medication in Solution/Total Volume of Diluent = Amount of Medication per Milliliter
Step 2
Calculate mL per Hour
Dose per Hour Desired/Concentration per Milliliter = Infusion Rate (mL/hour)
2 mins
Hypertension Medications
Diuretics
ACE Inhibitors
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
Beta Blockers
Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blockers
2 mins
Beta Blockers
"-olol" suffix
Mechanism
Decreases Heart Rate and Contractility
Decreases Peripheral Vascular Resistance
Decreases Renin Release
Indications
Hypertension
Heart Failure
Angina Pectoris
Contraindications
Asthma and Heart Block Patients
Nursing Considerations
Assess Blood Pressure and Heart Rate
Masking Signs of Hypoglycemia
Do Not Stop Abruptly
2 mins
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors
"-pril" Suffix
Mechanism of Action
Block Renin Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
Indications
Hypertension
Heart Failure
Side Effects
Dry Non-productive Cough
Hypotension
Dizziness
Possible Hyperkalemia
Angioedema
Nursing Considerations
Slowly Change Position
Do Not Stop Abruptly
2 mins
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
Ends in "-sartan"
Mechanism of Action
Blocks Angiotensin II Receptor
Indications
Hypertension
Side Effects
Angioedema
Contraindications
Renal Artery Stenosis
Pregnancy
1 min
Prazosin (Minipress)
-osin suffix
Mechanisms
Selective Alpha-1 Receptor Blocker
Indications
Hypertension
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
Nightmares
Side Effects
Orthostatic Hypotension
Tachycardia
Priapism / Inhibition of Ejaculation
Nasal Congestion
Considerations
First Dose Effect
Administer at Bedtime
2 mins
Hydralazine (Apresoline)
Indications
Severe Hypertension
CHF
Reduced Afterload
Pregnancy
Mechanism of Action
Vasodilates Arterioles
Side Effects
Drug-induced Lupus
Reflex Tachycardia
Hypotension
Considerations
Combined with Diuretic and Beta Blocker
1 min
Minoxidil (Loniten, Rogaine)
Mechanism
Vasodilates Arterioles
Indications
Severe Hypertension
Baldness
Side Effects
Reflex Tachycardia
Blood Volume Expansion
Hypertrichosis
Pericardial Effusion
Rash
Considerations
Give with Beta Blocker and Diuretic
2 mins
Nitroglycerin
Mechanism of Action
Decreases Preload
Indications
Angina
Up to 3 doses q 5 mins
Side Effects
Headache
Hypotension
Contraindications
Viagra (Sildenafil)
Nursing Considerations
Assess Blood Pressure
Protect From Light
Use Glass Bottle and Special Tubing
Gloves for Applying Topically
2 mins
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