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High-pitched Holosystolic Murmer (over left sternal border)
Dyspnea and Respiratory Distress
Loud Pulmonic S2
Diagnosis
Echocardiogram
Treatment
Small VSDs Close Spontaneously
Large VSDs Require Surgery
Complications
Endocarditis
Eisenmenger's Syndrome
CHF
2 mins
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Continuous
Machine like murmur
Often Due to Congenital Rubella
Prematurity
1 min
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
Features
Blue Baby Syndrome
Mechanism
PROVe Acronym
Pulmonary Infundibular Stenosis
Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
Overriding Aorta
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Diagnosis and Treatment
Boot-Shaped Heart
Squatting for Tet Spells
Surgery
2 mins
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
Mechanism
Atherosclerosis
Assessment
Intermittent Claudication
Pain with Exercise
Paresthesias
Arterial Ulcers
Critical Limb Ischemia
Amputation
Consideration
Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI)
2 mins
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) Assessment
Mechanism
Atherosclerosis
Assessment
Bruit
Pulsation in Abdomen
Abdominal or Lower Back Pain
Tearing Pain
Diagnosis
Ultrasound
Considerations
Rupture
Shock
Surgical Repair
1 min
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into Subarachnoid Space
Mechanisms
Trauma
Aneurysm Rupture
AVM Rupture
Vasospasm causes Ischemia
Signs & Symptoms
"Worst Headache Of My Life"
Diagnosis
Noncontrast Head CT
Lumbar Puncture
Angiography
Considerations
Surgery
Blood Pressure Control
Intracranial Pressure Control
Nimodipine for Vasospasm Prophylaxis
3 mins
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Screening
Screen Males 65-75 Who've Ever Smoked
Diagnosis
Ultrasound
Treatment
Observation
Asymptomatic and < 5 cm in Size
Surgical Repair
> 5.5 cm in Abdomen
Emergent Surgery
Ruptured or Symptomatic
2 mins
Arteriolosclerosis
Characteristics
Small Arteries and Arterioles
Thickening of Arteriole Wall
Hyperplastic Arteriolosclerosis
Hyperplastic
Smooth Muscle Cell Hyperplasia
"Onion Skin" Appearance
Malignant Hypertension
Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis
Hyaline
Subendothelial Protein Deposits
Chronic Hypertension
Diabetes Mellitus
Aging
2 mins
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
Characteristics
Elderly Men
Above the Diaphragm
Usually Asymptomatic
Risk Factors
Hypertension
Smoking
Connective Tissue Disorders
Vasculitis
Diagnosis
Chest X-Ray
Chest CT Angiography
Management
Manage Risk Factors
Surgery if Rupture or Dissection
Observation if Asymptomatic
4 mins
Aortic Dissection
Characteristics
Tear in Aortic Intima
Stanford Classification
Type A: Tear of Ascending Aorta
Type B: Tear of Descending Aorta
Risk Factors
Hypertension
Aortic Aneurysm
Marfan Syndrome
Signs/Symptoms
Chest Pain
Blood Pressure Difference Between Arms
Mediastinal Widening
Treatment
Surgery for Type A
Beta Blockers for Type B
2 mins
Hypertension Assessment
Mechanism
Essential Hypertension
Secondary Hypertension
Assessment
Headache
Vision Changes
Nosebleed (Epistaxis)
Chest Pain
Syncope (Fainting)
Diagnosis
Average 2 Sets, 2 Minutes Apart
After 2 or More Visits (within 1-4 weeks)
Nursing Considerations
Take BP Both Arms
Common in African Americans
2 mins
Stable Angina
Assessment
Chest Pain with Exertion
Relieved within 15 Minutes
ST Depression
Interventions
Nitroglycerin
Up to 3 Doses q 5 Minutes
Rest
Antiplatelet Medication
CABG
Angioplasty
2 mins
Unstable Angina
Assessment
Chest Pain with Rest or Exertion
Limits ADLs
> 15 Minutes
Less Likely Relieved by Nitroglycerin
ST Depression
Fatigue
Considerations
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) Treatment
Emergency Treatment
2 mins
Myocardial Infarction Assessment
Assessment
Substernal Chest Pain
Crushing or Dull Sensation
Arm, Jaw, and Neck
> 20 Minutes
Unrelieved by Nitro
Palpitations
Diaphoresis
Fear of Impending Doom
Nausea and Vomiting
Shortness of Breath
Considerations
Monitor for Arrhythmias
2 mins
Myocardial Infarction Diagnosis
Diagnosis
12 Lead ECG
ST Elevation
Q Wave
T Wave Inversion
Troponin T and I
CK-MB
Considerations
Early ECG
Cardiac Stress Test
2 mins
Cardiac Enzyme Evaluation: Troponin
Measures
Cardiac Muscle Injury
Time Ranges
Detection in Blood: 4 Hours
Peak: 24 - 36 Hours
Return to Normal: 5 - 14 Days
Considerations
Most Specific for Cardiac Muscle
Treat Aggressively
2 mins
Cardiac Enzyme Evaluation: Creatine Kinase CK-MB
Measures
Skeletal or Cardiac Muscle Injury
Time Ranges
Onset: 4-8 Hours
Peak: 12-24 Hours
Return to Normal: 2-3 Days
1 min
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