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Diabetes Assessment
Assessment Type 1
Juvenile Onset
Absent Insulin Production
Ketosis Prone
Assessment Type 2
Adult Onset
Insulin Resistance
Obesity
Gestational Diabetes
Onset During Pregnancy
Glucose Intolerance
Complications
Retinopathy
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Nephropathy
Neuropathy
2 mins
Diabetes Interventions
Early Diagnosis
Insulin
Oral Hypoglycemics
Glucose Monitoring
Routine Exercise
Diabetic Diet
Monitor for Complications
Insulin Therapy
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
2 mins
Diabetes Insipidus Assessment
Polyuria
Nocturia
Low Specific Gravity (USG)
Polydipsia
Dehydration
Hypotension
Tachycardia
Confusion
2 mins
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
Used for Diabetes Screening
Fasting State
Samples Drawn
Baseline
Normal < 100 mg/dL
30 and 60 Minutes
Normal < 200 mg/dL
120 Minutes
Normal < 140 mg/dL
2 mins
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Treatment
Initial Management
IV Normal Saline
Regular Insulin Drip
Subsequent Management (correction of electrolytes)
Potassium (K+)
Glucose
Treat Underlying Cause
Monitoring
Venous pH
Serum Bicarbonate (HCO3)
1 min
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Diagnosis and Labs
Diagnosis
Blood glucose Increased > 250 mg/dL
Anion gap metabolic acidosis
Decreased pH < 7.3
Decreased serum bicarbonate < 18
Plasma ketones
Other Labs
Hyperkalemia
1 min
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Signs and Symptoms
Kussmaul respirations
Dehydration
Abdominal Pain
Nausea/vomiting
Psychosis
Fruity breath Odor
1 min
Hyperaldosteronism Overview
Mechanism
Adrenal Glands
Increased Aldosterone
Aldosterone Escape Mechanism
Clinical Findings
No Significant Edema
Hypertension
Hypokalemic Metabolic Alkalosis
Types
Primary Hyperaldosteronism
Secondary Hyperaldosteronism
Pseudohyperaldosteronism
3 mins
Primary Hyperaldosteronism
Etiology
Increased Aldosterone Secretion
Adrenal Adenoma
Bilateral Adrenal Hyperplasia
Clinical Features
Hypertension
Hypokalemic Metabolic Alkalosis
No Significant Edema
Diagnosis
Increased Aldosterone
Decreased Renin
Abdominal CT Scan
Management
Aldosterone Antagonists
Surgery
3 mins
Secondary Hyperaldosteronism
Etiologies
Renal Artery Stenosis
Reninoma
Chronic Disease of Liver, Kidney, or Heart
Clinical Features
Edema
Hypertension
Hypokalemic Metabolic Alkalosis
Diagnosis
Increased Aldosterone
Increased Renin
Treatment
Treat Underlying Disorder
Aldosterone Antagonists
3 mins
Addison's Disease
Mechanism
Chronic 1° Adrenal Insufficiency
Atrophy
Destruction
Symptoms
Deficiency In Cortisol And Aldosterone
Skin Hyperpigmentation
Increased POMC
Hypotension
Hyperkalemia
Acidosis
Addisonian Crisis
Diagnosis
ACTH (Cosyntropin) Stimulation Test
Treatment
Exogenous Cortisol
2 mins
Addison's Disease Assessment
Assessment
Deficiency of Cortisol and Aldosterone
Irritability
Hyperkalemia
Muscle Weakness
Skin Hyperpigmentation
Hyponatremia
Hypotension
Hypoglycemia
Considerations
Addisonian Crisis
2 mins
Cushing's Syndrome Characteristics
More Common in Women
Exogenous Etiologies
Glucocorticoids
Endogenous Etiologies
Decreased ACTH
Primary Adrenal Disease
Increased ACTH
Pituitary Adenoma (Cushing's Disease)
Paraneoplastic: Small Cell Carcinoma
CRF-releasing Tumors
2 mins
Cushing's Syndrome Assessment
Assessment
Increased Cortisol Levels
Truncal Obesity
Purple Abdominal Striae
Buffalo Hump
Decreased Bone Density
Moon Face
Thinning Skin
Hyperglycemia
Hypertension
Considerations
Long Term Glucocorticoid Use
Immunosuppression
2 mins
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Ashkenazi Jewish population
Congenital
Autosomal Recessive
Deficient in C-21 hydroxylase enzyme
Females ambiguous genitalia
Shock
Dangerously low blood pressure
Salt wasting
Amenorrhea
Hyperplasia
54 secs
Neuroblastoma Characteristics and Presentation
Characteristics
Malignant Neuroendocrine Tumor
Neural Crest Cells Origin
Sympathetic Ganglia
Adrenal Glands
Amplification of N-myc Oncogene
Most Common Cancer In Infancy
Clinical Presentation
Abdominal Mass That Can Cross Midline
Gastrointestinal Distress
Metastasis
Raccoon Eyes
Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome
4 mins
Neuroblastoma Diagnosis and Management
Diagnosis
24-hour Urine Test
Increased Catecholamines
Increased Homovanillic and Vanillylmandelic Acid
Ultrasound
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Biopsy
Pathology
Small Round Blue Cells
Homer-Wright Rosettes
Bombesin Positive
Neuron Specific Enolase Positive
Interventions
Local Excision
Chemotherapy
Radiation
3 mins
Cushing's Syndrome Symptoms And Diagnosis
Symptoms/Findings
Osteoporosis
Amenorrhea
Truncal Obesity
Skin Changes
Buffalo Hump
Immune Suppression
Moon Facies
Hypertension
Decreased Insulin Sensitivity
Diagnosis
24-hour urine free Cortisol
Dexamethasone Suppression Test
2 mins
Dawn Phenomenon
Cause/Mechanism
Increased Hormone Production
Assessment
Hyperglycemia Upon Awakening
Interventions
Long-Acting Evening Insulin
Change Administration Times
Insulin Pump
Considerations
Closely Monitor Glucose Levels
Between 2-6AM
Limit Carbohydrates Before Bedtime
2 mins
Diabetes Education
Self-Monitoring (Blood Glucose)
SubQ Injection Technique
Lifestyle Changes
Symptoms of Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia
Sick Day Care
Foot Care
Exercise Therapy
Medication
1 min
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