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Created
Scleroderma (CREST)
CREST
Calcinosis
Raynaud's phenomenon
Esophageal dysmotility
Sclerodactyly
Telangiectasias
Diagnostic Tests
Anticentromere antibodies
Small Calcium Deposits in Soft Tissues of Hands and Elbows
Fingertip Ulcers
Atrophy and Fibrous Replacement of Muscularis
GERD
RNA polymerases
RNA polymerase 1 makes rRNA
RNA polymerase 2 makes mRNA
RNA polymerase 3 makes tRNA
Alpha Amanitin inhibits RNA pol 2
Nucleolus Transcribes RRNA
Rifampin inhibits RNA pol in prokaryotes
Actinomycin D Inhibits RNA pol in pro and eukaryotes
Rampant, Massive, Tiny
Menetrier Disease
Hyperplasia of foveolar epithelium (gastric mucus producing cells)
Enlarged Rugae
Stomach looks like brain gyri
Increased Mucus and Decreased acid
TGF-Alpha
Protein Loss
Hypoalbuminemia
Peripheral Edema
Also called hypoproteinemic hypertrophic gastropathy
Leydig and Sertoli cell tumor
Reinke Crystals
Sex Cord-Stromal tumor
Produce Androgens
Female Pseudohermaphroditism (Virilization) and Hirsutism
Presents in early infancy (sometimes later) as vomiting, lethargy, seizures, and coma
Urea cycle disorder inhibited due to low ATP
Increase in Ammonia
Minor illness can lead to death
Avoid Fasting
Hypoglycemia induces glucagon release which increases plasma fatty acids
dicarboxylic aciduria
Forebrain (prosencephalon)
Telencepalon
Forebrain (prosencephalon) goes to Telencephalon
Telencephalon goes to Cerebral Hemispheres
Telencephalon goes to Lateral Ventricles
Also basal ganglia, hippocampus, amygdala
Diencephalon
Forebrain (prosencephalon) goes to Diencephalon
Thalamus
Also goes to Hypothalamus and optic nerves
3rd ventricle
Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
Mesencephalon goes to midbrain
Mesencephalon goes to aqueduct
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
Metencephalon
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon) goes to Metencephalon
Metencephalon goes to pons and cerebellum
Upper part of the 4th ventricle
Myelencephalon
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon) goes to Myelencephalon
Goes to medulla
Lower part of the 4th ventricle
Anterior hypothalamus
Cools the body
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Nucleus Solitarius
CN VII
CN IX
CN X
Visceral sensory information
Nucleus Ambiguus
CN IX
CN X
Cranial portion of CN XI
Motor information
Cranial Nerve Lesions
Toward side of lesion
CN V motor lesion
CN XII lesion
Away from side of lesion
CN X
Both
CN XI
Cingulate (subfalcine)
Can Compress the Anterior Cerebral Artery
Cingulate gyrus can be affected
Contralateral Leg Weakness
Transtentorial (Uncal) Herniation
Compresses
Ipsilateral CN III leading to a down and out gaze
Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA)
Contralateral Homonymous Hemianopia with macular sparing
Contralateral corticospinal tract in midbrain leading to crus cerebri
Advanced stages can lead to Duret Hemorrhage
Downward Transtentorial (Central) Herniation
Rupture of the paramedian Basilar Artery branches
Duret Hemorrhage
Usually fatal
Hemoglobin C
Glutamic acid replaced by Lysine
Autosomal recessive
Mild Anemia
HbC crystals
Target Cells
Myocardial Infarction changes
We Can Never Master Grandfather Farve
Cause All Footballers are Ruined Over Aneurysms
Number 4
Femoral Triangle
VAN
Direct Hernia is medial
Indirect hernias are lateral
Femoral
Transversalis Fascia Weakness
Older Males
Patent Processus Vaginalis
More Common in Male Infants
Lymphatics
Femoral Sheath
Renal Osteodystrophy
Hypocalcemia
Hyperphosphatemia
Failure of Vitamin D hydroxylation Leading to Vitamin D Deficiency
Subperiosteal thinning of bone
Calcifications
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
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