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Digestion
Stomach Digestion
Characteristics
Chief Cells Secrete Pepsinogen
Pepsinogen Turned to Pepsin By H+
Protein Breakdown Begins
Mucous Cells Secrete Mucus and Bicarbonate
G Cells Secrete Gastrin
Gastrin Stimulates Parietal Cell HCl Release
Parietal Cells Secrete Intrinsic Factor
2 mins
Small Intestine Digestion
Brush border enzymes
Pancreatic Enzymes are secreted via a Duct
Pancreas secretes bicarbonate
Brush Border activates Pancreatic Trypsin
Trypsin activates Chymotrypsin
Trypsin and Chymotrypsin digest Proteins
Gallbladder Releases Bile
Pancreatic Lipase breaks down Lipids
Goblet cells secrete mucus
Pancreatic Amylase breaks down Carbohydrates
Pancreatic Nucleases breakdown DNA/RNA
Digestion occurs in the Duodenum
2 mins
Oral Cavity
Characteristics
Mouth
Mechanical Digestion
Salivary Amylase Begins Carbohydrate Breakdown
Lingual Lipase Begins Lipid Breakdown
Esophagus
Bolus
Peristalsis
1 min
Celiac Disease
Cause
Intestinal Mucosa Damage
Ingestion Wheat, Barley, Rye
Assessment
GI Distress
Steatorrhea
Weight Loss
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Interventions
Gluten-free Diet
Considerations
Screening
2 mins
Large Intestine
Characteristics
Colon
Electrolyte Reabsorption
Water Reabsorption
Microflora Produce Vitamins
Rectum Stores Feces
1 min
Acute Pancreatitis Causes
"GET SMASHHED" Mnemonic
Gallstones
(Ethanol) Alcohol
Trauma
Steroids
Mumps
Autoimmune
Scorpion Sting
Hypercalcemia
Hypertriglyceridemia > 1000
ERCP
Drugs
1 min
Peptic Ulcer Disease Assessment
Mechanism/Cause
Helicobacter Pylori
NSAIDs
Increased Stomach Acid
Assessment
Abdominal Pain
Heartburn (Pyrosis)
Melena
Weight Changes
GI Distress
Considerations
Most Commonly in Duodenum
Duodenal: Pain Relieved by Eating
Gastric: Pain Caused by Eating
2 mins
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Assessment
Pathophysiology
Relaxed Lower Esophageal Sphincter
Signs and Symptoms
Dyspepsia (Indigestion)
Belching
Nighttime Coughing
Dysphagia
Epigastric Pain
Regurgitation
Heartburn (Pyrosis)
Globus
2 mins
Peptic Ulcer Disease Interventions
Combination Drug Therapy
Two Antibiotics
Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI)
Decrease Acid Secretion
Avoid NSAIDs
Diet and Lifestyle Changes
1 min
GI Absorption
Stomach
Alcohol
Duodenum
Iron
Jejunum
Folate
Terminal Ileum
Vitamin B12
Bile Resorption
1 min
Cholecystitis Causes
Gallbladder Inflammation
6 Fs
Female
Fair (Caucasian)
Fat (Obese)
Fertile (Pregnant)
Forty (Advanced Age Over 40)
Flatulence
2 mins
Small Intestine Absorption
Characteristics
Carbohydrates Undergo Active Transport
Amino Acids Undergo Active Transport
Small Lipids Undergo Passive Diffusion
Epithelial Cells
Intestinal Capillaries
Hepatic Portal Transports Nutrients
Liver
Large Lipids Transported as Chylomicrons
Lacteals Transport Chylomicrons
2 mins
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Assessment
Abdominal Pain
Relieved by Defecation
Alternating Diarrhea and Constipation
Fatigue
Excessive Flatulence
Sensation of Incomplete Evacuation
Considerations
Stressors
Food Intolerances
More Common in Women
Rule Out Other Disorders
2 mins
Helicobacter Pylori
Characteristics
Gram-Negative
Bacilli
Curved
Polar Flagellum
Catalase-Positive
Oxidase-Positive
Disease
Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers
Ammonia
Neutral Environment
Gastric Adenocarcinoma
MALT lymphoma
Diagnosis
Serology IgG antibody
Stool Antigen
Urease Positive Breath Test
Biopsy
Treatment
2 ABX and PPI
2 mins
Appendicitis Assessment
Mechanism
Obstruction of Appendix
Signs and Symptoms
Periumbilical Pain
RLQ Pain
Nausea/Vomiting/Anorexia
Increased White Blood Cells
Rebound Tenderness
Fever
Complications
Peritonitis
Sepsis
2 mins
Appendicitis Interventions
Treatment
Appendectomy
Preoperative Care
Antibiotics
IV Fluids
No Enema or Laxative
Postoperative Care
Semi-Fowler's Position
Nasogastric Tube
Diet as Tolerated
Pain Management
Early Ambulation
2 mins
Intussusception
Pathophysiology
Telescoping of Bowel Segments
Lead Point
Assessment
Episodic Abdominal Pain
Diarrhea
Sausage-Shaped Mass
Red Currant Jelly Stools
Diagnosis
Ultrasound/CT
Target Sign
Considerations
More Common in Children
Rotavirus Vaccine Contraindicated
Management
Air or Hydrostatic Enema
Surgical Reduction
3 mins
Pancreatin, Pancrelipase (Pancreatic Enzymes)
Mechanism
Pancreatic Enzymes
Indications
Cystic Fibrosis
Pancreatic Insufficiency
Side Effects
GI Distress
Considerations
Inactivated by Gastric Acid
24 Hour Fat Excretion
Take with Every Meal and Snack
2 mins
Pancreas
Characteristics
Acinar Cells Release Digestive Enzymes
Ductal Epithelial Cells Release Bicarbonate
Islets of Langerhans
Beta Cells Release Insulin
Alpha Cells Release Glucagon
Delta Cells Release Somatostatin
Somatostatin Inhibits Alpha and Beta Cells
3 mins
Liver Biopsy Procedure
Indications
Diagnosis of Liver Disease
Types of Liver Biopsy
Incisional (Open Method)
Needle Biopsy (Closed Method)
Considerations
Coagulation Status
Type and Crossmatch Blood
Right-Side Lying
Post-Biopsy Monitoring
2 mins
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