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LOCO
Chondrosarcoma
Pathophysiology
Cartilaginous tumor
Malignant
Men 30-60 years old
Pelvic and femur bones
Signs & Symptoms
Glistening mass in medullary cavity
Can be primary in origin or from osteochondroma
Metastasize to lungs
1 min
Ewing's Sarcoma
Epidemiology
Most Common in Boys < 15 years old
Pathophysiology
11;22 Translocation
Characteristics
Long bones, Pelvis, Ribs
Diaphysis
Small Blue Cells
Malignant
Aggressive
Onion-skin Appearance
TREATMENT
Responsive to Chemotherapy
2 mins
Giant Cell Tumor
Pathophysiology
Osteoclastoma
Epiphyseal End of Long Bones
Peak Incidence 20-40 Years
Benign
Knee Region
Diagnosis
Soap Bubble Appearance on X-ray
Spindle-shaped Cells
Multinucleated Giant Cells
46 secs
Osteosarcoma
Pathophysiology
Osteogenic Sarcoma
Peak incidence men 10-20 years old
Metaphysis of Long Bones
Knee Region
Radiation
Familial Retinoblastoma
Paget's Disease
Diagnosis
Codman Triangle
Sunburst Pattern from Elevated Periosteum
Grave Prognosis
2 mins
Brachial Plexus Branches
Musculocutaneous Nerve
Axillary Nerve
Radial Nerve
Median Nerve
Ulnar Nerve
56 secs
Brachial Plexus Cords
Lateral Cord
Lateral Pectoral Nerve
Posterior Cord
Upper Subscapular Nerve
Thoracodorsal Nerve
Lower Subscapular Nerve
Medial Cord
Medial Pectoral Nerve
Medial Cutaneous Nerve of Arm and Forearm
1 min
Brachial Plexus Divisions
Anterior (Division)
Posterior (Division)
27 secs
Brachial Plexus Roots
C5 through T1
Long Thoracic Nerve
Dorsal Scapular Nerve
43 secs
Brachial Plexus Trunks
Superior Trunk
Suprascapular Nerve
Middle Trunk
Inferior Trunk
1 min
ACL Tear
Mechanism
Non-contact
Popping
Sudden Stop
Change in Direction
Unhappy Triad
Sign
Lachman Test
Treatment
Reconstruction if Severe
1 min
MCL Tear
Mechanism
Medial Knee Injury
Unhappy Triad
Football
Skiing
Sign
Valgus Stress Test
Treatment
Conservative Management
54 secs
Meniscus Tear
Fibrocartilage Semicircular Band
Traumatic
Unhappy Triad
Degenerative
Symptoms
Clicking and Locking
McMurray Test
Pain on External Rotation
Treatment
Conservative Management
Surgery
1 min
Asthma
Obstructive lung disease
Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness
History of Atopic Disease
Beta2 agonists
Corticosteroids
Curschmann's spirals
Hypertrophy of smooth muscle
Reversible
Charcot Leyden crystals
Methacholine challenge
Wheezing
Cough
Initially decreased PaCO2
Pulsus paradoxus
2 mins
Bronchiectasis
Obstructive Lung Disease
Chronic Necrotizing Infection
Permanent Airway Dilation
Poor Ciliary Motility
Kartagener's Syndrome
Cystic Fibrosis
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
Hemoptysis
Increased Sputum
2 mins
Chronic Bronchitis
Pathophysiology
Chronic Inflammation of Bronchi
Signs and Symptoms
Early-Onset Cyanosis
Blue Bloaters
Productive Cough
Wheezing
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Late-Onset Dyspnea
Crackles
Diagnosis
Reid Index > 50%
2 mins
Cystic Fibrosis Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis
Sweat Chloride Test > 60 mmol/L
Meconium Ileus
Treatment
N-acetylcysteine
Antibiotic Prophylaxis
Pulmonary Maintenance
Lung Transplant
Vitamin Replacement
1 min
Cystic Fibrosis Mechanisms
Autosomal Recessive
CFTR Chromosome 7
Cl- channel Defect
Decreased Chloride Secretion
Increased Na and Water Reabsorption
Increased Na and Cl in Sweat
Dehydration of Mucous Layers
2 mins
Cystic Fibrosis Symptoms and Complications
Recurrent Pulmonary Infections
Chronic Bronchitis
Nasal Polyps
Pancreatic Insufficiency
Intestinal Obstruction
Malabsorption and Diarrhea
Vitamin Deficiencies
Chronic Hepatic Disease
Infertility in Males
1 min
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Characteristics
Mechanism
Virchow's Triad
Venous Stasis
Endothelial Damage
Hypercoagulability
Symptoms
Tenderness
Homan's Sign
Warmth
Redness
Swelling
Asymptomatic
1 min
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Management
Diagnosis
Compression Ultrasound (CUS) with Doppler
D-Dimer
Contrast Venography
Treatment
IVC Filter
Heparin for Acute Management
Warfarin for Long-term Management
Thrombectomy/Thrombolysis
Stockings
Walking
4 mins
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