Carlos Shared "14 Musculoskeletal" - 98 Picmonics
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14 Musculoskeletal
ACL Tear
- Mechanism
- Non-contact
- Popping
- Sudden Stop
- Change in Direction
- Unhappy Triad
- Sign
- Lachman Test
- Treatment
- Reconstruction if Severe
1 min
PCL Tear
- Bending knee at 90° angle, increases posterior gliding of tibia due to PCL injury
MCL Tear
- Mechanism
- Medial Knee Injury
- Unhappy Triad
- Football
- Skiing
- Sign
- Valgus Stress Test
- Treatment
- Conservative Management
54 secs
LCL Tear
- Abnormal passive adduction
- Knee either extended or at ~ 30° angle, medial (varus) force leads to lateral space widening of tibia, causing LCL injury.
Meniscus Tear
- Fibrocartilage Semicircular Band
- Traumatic
- Unhappy Triad
- Degenerative
- Symptoms
- Clicking and Locking
- McMurray Test
- Pain on External Rotation
- Treatment
- Conservative Management
- Surgery
1 min
Unhappy Triad
- Common injury in contact sports due to lateral force applied to a planted leg.
- Classically, consists of damage to the ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus (attached to MCL); however, lateral meniscus injury is more common.
- Presents with acute knee pain and signs of joint injury/ instability.
Prepatellar bursitis vs Baker cyst
- Prepatellar bursitis
- Inflammation of the prepatellar bursa in front of the kneecap
- Can be caused by repeated trauma or pressure from excessive kneeling (also called “housemaid’s knee”)
- Baker cyst
- Popliteal fluid collection in gastrocnemius-semimembranosus bursa commonly communicating with synovial space and related to chronic joint disease
Rotator Cuff
- External Rotation
- Teres Minor
- Infraspinatus
- Internal Rotation
- Subscapularis
- Abduction
- Supraspinatus
1 min
Overuse injuries of the elbow
- Medial epicondylitis (golfer’s elbow): Repetitive flexion (forehand shots) or idiopathic leads to pain near medial epicondyle
- Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) Repetitive extension (backhand shots) or idiopathic leads to pain near lateral epicondyle.
Carpal Bones
- "Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle"
- Scaphoid
- Lunate
- Triquetrum
- Pisiform
- Trapezium
- Trapezoid
- Capitate
- Hamate
1 min
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
- Median Nerve Entrapment
- Compression at Carpal Tunnel
- Numbness, Tingling and Pain in Hand
- Diagnosis
- Phalen's Maneuver
- Tinel's Sign
- Treatment
- Splints
- Surgery
- Steroids
2 mins
Guyon canal syndrome
- Compression of ulnar nerve at wrist or hand.
- Classically seen in cyclists due to pressure from handlebars.
Dermatomes - Cervical
- C2 - Posterior Cap Distribution
- C3 - High Turtleneck
- C4 - Low Collar Shirt
- C5 - Anterolateral Shoulder
- C6 - Thumb
- C7 - Middle Finger
- C8 - Pinky Finger
1 min
Dermatomes - Thoracic
- Characteristics
- T1 - Medial Arm
- T4 - Nipple
- T7 - Xiphoid
- T10 - Belly Button
- T12 - Pubis
58 secs
Dermatomes - Lumbosacral
- L2 - Medial Thigh
- L3 - Medial Knee
- L4 - Kneecap, Medial Ankle, and Big Toe
- L5 - Dorsum of Foot
- S1 - Lateral Foot, Posteriolateral Thigh
- S 2, 3, 4, 5 - Perianal and Genitals
2 mins
419 Upper Extremity Nerves: Axillary, Musculocutaneous, Radial, Recurrent branch of median nerve
- Axillary
- (C5-C6)
- Cuase: fractured surgical neck of humerus; anterior dislocation of humerus
- Flattened deltoid; Loss of arm abduction at shoulder (> 15 degrees); Loss of sensation over deltoid muscle and lateral arm
- Deltoid is responsible for abduction of the arm from 15-100 degrees
- Posterior circumflex often damaged concurrently
- U. Paralysis of teres minor (and therefore arm abduction weakness
- Musculocutaneous
- (C5-C7)
- Cause: upper trunk compression
- Loss of forearm flexion (biceops brachii, brachialis and coracobrachialis (coraco also adducts)) and supination
- Loss of sensation over lateral forearm
- Radial
- (C5-T1)
- Cause: midshaft fracture of humerus; compression of axilla, eg, due to crutches or sleeping with arm over chair (“Saturday night palsy”)
- Wrist drop: loss of elbow, wrist, and finger extension
- Decreased grip strength (wrist extension necessary for maximal action of flexors)
- Loss of sensation over posterior arm/forearm and dorsal hand
- Often associated with deep brachial artery injury
- U. Absent triceps reflex
- U. Dorsal thumb sensory loss
- U. Distal dmg at supinator canal (repeat pronation/supination, screwdriver; trauma, radius dislocation ), only loss of finger/thumb extension
- U. Innervates the brachioradialis and supinator muscle; loss of sensation of the dorsal hand, forearm and upper arm
- Recurrent branch of median nerve
- (C5-T1)
- Superficial laceration of palm
- “Ape hand”; Loss of thenar muscle group: opposition, abduction, and flexion of thumb; No loss of sensation
Nerve Palsies - Erb's Palsy (Waiter's tip)
- Nerves
- C5-C6 Roots
- Superior (Upper) Trunk
- Causes
- Lateral Traction on Neck during Delivery
- Trauma in Adults
- Functional Deficit
- Deltoid
- Infraspinatus
- Biceps Brachii
- Presentation
- Waiter's Tip Deformity
2 mins
Nerve Palsies - Klumpke's Palsy
- Nerve
- C8 to T1 Roots
- Lower Trunk
- Causes
- Upward Arm Force during Delivery
- Adult Trauma
- Grabbing Tree Branch to Break a Fall
- Muscle Affected
- Intrinsic Hand Muscles
- Presentation
- Claw Hand
1 min
Nerve Palsies - Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
- Nerve
- Compression of Brachial Plexus
- Compression of Subclavian Vessels
- Causes
- Cervical Rib Abnormality
- Trauma
- Weight Lifters
- Pancoast Tumor
- Presentation
- Edema
- Claw Hand
- Pain
1 min
Nerve Palsies - Winged Scapula
- Nerve
- Long Thoracic Nerve
- Causes
- Axillary Node Dissection in Mastectomy
- Stab Wound
- Muscle Affected
- Serratus Anterior
- Functional Deficit
- Scapula Cannot Anchor to Thorax
- Presentation
- Inability to Raise Arm Above Head
1 min
