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Nutrition Content
The National Dysphagia Diet
Drinks Levels 0 to 3
Level 0: Thin
Level 1: Slightly Thick
Level 2: Mildly Thick
Food – Levels 4 to 7
Level 3: Moderately Thick Food
Level 4: Pureed, Extremely Thick
Level 5: Minced, Moist
Level 6: Soft, Bite-sized
Level 7: Regular
3 mins
Therapeutic Diets
Common Therapeutic Diets
High Fiber
Low Residue (Fiber)
Low Sodium
Low Cholesterol
Diabetic
Renal
Dysphagia
Nursing Considerations
Diet Education
2 mins
Dysphagia
Etiology
Neurological Disorders
Muscular Disorders
Structural Abnormalities
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Inflammatory Conditions
Signs & Symptoms
Difficulty Swallowing
Choking or Coughing
Regurgitation
Diagnosis
Clinical History and Physical Examination
Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES)
Videofluoroscopy (Modified Barium Swallow Study - MBSS)
Interventions
Treat Underlying Cause
Therapy
Dietary Modifications
Medications
Surgery
3 mins
Marasmus
Deficiency of all Nutrients
Body Weight < 60% of Normal
Tissue and Muscle Wasting
Loss of Subcutaneous Fat (Buttocks and Thighs)
Variable Edema
2 mins
Kwashiorkor
Protein Deficiency
Swollen Belly
MEALS
Malnutrition
Edema
Anemia
Liver Malfunction
Skin Lesions
2 mins
Hypoglycemia Intervention
Interventions
Mild to Moderate Hypoglycemia
Simple Carbohydrate (Oral Dextrose, Fruit Juice, Candies)
Complex Carbohydrate (Whole Grains, Vegetables)
Severe Hypoglycemia or Unconscious
50% Dextrose
Glucagon
Considerations
Monitor Blood Glucose Q 10-15 Minutes
Give Small Meal After Intervention
Patient Education
Hypoglycemia Prevention
Encourage Self-Monitoring
3 mins
Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)
Mechanism
Nutrition Given Outside GI
Side Effects
Hyperglycemia
Hyperlipidemia
Refeeding Syndrome
Nausea and Vomiting
Considerations
Slow IV Infusion
Use Large Central Vein
No Added Meds to TPN Line
2 mins
Food Allergies and Restrictions
Gluten-Free
Lactose-Free
Plant-Based
Diabetic and Sugar-Free
Nut Allergy
Soy Allergy
4 mins
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Mechanism
Antioxidant
Collagen Formation
Steroid Synthesis
Indications
Dietary Deficiency
Scurvy
Side Effects
GI Distress
Considerations
Citrus Fruits
May Improve Healing
2 mins
Celiac Disease
Cause
Intestinal Mucosa Damage
Ingestion Wheat, Barley, Rye
Assessment
GI Distress
Steatorrhea
Weight Loss
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Interventions
Gluten-free Diet
Considerations
Screening
2 mins
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Mechanism
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Indications
Dietary Deficiency
Beriberi
Wernicke-Korsakoff
Considerations
Alcoholics Highest Risk
Give Before Glucose
Give IM or IV
Enriched Whole Grains
Pork
2 mins
Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)
Mechanism
Vitamin D3
Indications
Dietary Supplement
Vitamin D Deficiency
Side Effects
Fatigue
Constipation
Hypercalcemia
Kidney Stones
Considerations
More Effective Than Ergocalciferol
Hypervitaminosis D
2 mins
Vitamin A (Retinol)
Mechanism
Maintains Mucous Membranes
Eyes and Skin
Indications
Dietary Deficiency
Skin Disorders
Side Effects
Hepatosplenomegaly
Jaundice
Increased ICP
Vomiting
Considerations
Teratogen
Animal Food Products
Dark Green and Orange Fruits/Vegetables
2 mins
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Mechanism
Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism
Heme Synthesis
Neurotransmitters
Indications
Adjunct to Isoniazid
Dietary Deficiency
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
Side Effects
Ataxia
Peripheral Neuropathy
Contraindications
Levodopa
Considerations
Cereals and Meats
3 mins
Diabetes Interventions
Early Diagnosis
Insulin
Oral Hypoglycemics
Glucose Monitoring
Routine Exercise
Diabetic Diet
Monitor for Complications
Insulin Therapy
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
2 mins
Beriberi (Thiamine Deficiency)
Mechanism
Thiamine Deficiency
Assessment
Dry Beriberi
Polyneuritis
Muscle Wasting
Wet Beriberi
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Edema
2 mins
Vitamin B3 - Niacin (Nicotinic Acid)
Mechanism
Decreases Triglycerides
Decreases LDL
Increases HDL
Indications
Dyslipidemia
Pellagra
Diarrhea
Dermatitis
Dementia
Side Effects
Flushing
GI Distress
Hepatotoxicity
2 mins
Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)
Mechanism
Vitamin B12
Indications
Vitamin Deficiency
Pernicious Anemia
Side Effects
Hypokalemia
Arthralgia
Dizziness
Considerations
IM Injection for Pernicious Anemia
Never Give IV
2 mins
Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2)
Mechanism
Vitamin D2
Indications
Hypoparathyroidism
Rickets
Hypophosphatemia
Side Effects
Fatigue
Constipation
Hypercalcemia
Kidney Stones
2 mins
Vitamin E (Alpha-tocopherol)
Mechanism
Antioxidant
Indications
Fat Malabsorption Syndrome
Alpha-TTP Deficiency
Side Effects
Bleeding
Considerations
Increased Risk Hemorrhagic Stroke
Limit Doses < 200 IU per Day
Nuts and Whole Grains
Vegetable Oils
2 mins
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