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Jack Shared "CV Exam 1" - 68 Picmonics

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CV Exam 1

Warfarin
Mechanism of Action
Interferes with Vitamin K-dependent Clotting Factors
Extrinsic Pathway
Bridge with Heparin
Indications
Chronic Anticoagulation
Side Effects
Bleeding
Necrosis
Cytochrome P450
Contraindications
Pregnancy
Antidote
FFP + Vitamin K
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2 mins
Coagulation Cascade Overview
Secondary Hemostasis
Intrinsic Pathway
Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)
Heparin
Extrinsic Pathway
Prothrombin Time (PT)
Warfarin
Common Pathway
Thrombin
Convert Fibrinogen to Fibrin
Stabilizes the Platelet Plug
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2 mins
Heparin Mechanisms
Mechanism of Action
Short Half-life
Antithrombin Activation Cofactor
Decrease Thrombin, Factor Xa
Side Effects
Bleeding
Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT)
Antidote
Protamine Sulfate
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2 mins
Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT)
Pathophysiology
5-10 Days After Heparin Exposure
Heparin-Platelet Factor 4 Complex
Autoantibodies Form Against Complex
Heparin-Platelet Factor 4-Antibody Complex Binds Platelets
Platelet Aggregation
Procoagulant Release
Symptoms
Thrombocytopenia
Diagnosis
Serotonin Release Assay (SRA)
Treatment
Stop Heparin, Start Direct Thrombin Inhibitor
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2 mins
Heparin Indications
Indications
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
Prophylaxis
Pulmonary Embolism
Atrial Fibrillation
Used during Pregnancy
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1 min
Clotting Overview
Characteristics
Endothelial Cells are Damaged
Platelets Respond to Exposed Collagen and Stick
Platelets Release Recruiting Factors
More Platelets are Attracted
Soluble Fibrinogen Turns to Insoluble Fibrin
Fibrin Seals the Clot
Clot Dissolves
Liver Produces Clotting Factors
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2 mins
Hypercholesterolemia Disease
Risk Factors
Diabetes
Smoking
Family History
Hypertension
HDL < 40
Men Older than 45 Years of Age
Women Older than 55 Years of Age
Signs and Symptoms
Atheromas
Plaques in Blood Vessel Walls
Tissue Ischemia
Xanthomas
Lipemia Retinalis
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2 mins
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Characteristics
Mechanism
Virchow's Triad
Venous Stasis
Endothelial Damage
Hypercoagulability
Symptoms
Tenderness
Homan's Sign
Warmth
Redness
Swelling
Asymptomatic
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1 min
Familial Hypercholesterolemia (Type IIa Familial Dyslipidemia)
INHERITANCE
Autosomal Dominant
PATHOGENESIS
Defective or Absent LDL Receptors
Defective Apolipoprotein B-100 (ApoB-100)
Lab Findings
Increased LDL
Decreased HDL
Type IIb also has Increased VLDL
Symptoms/Findings
Accelerated Atherosclerosis
Achilles Tendon Xanthomas
Xanthelasma
Corneal Arcus
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4 mins
Dysbetalipoproteinemia (Type III Familial Dyslipidemia)
INHERITANCE
Autosomal Recessive
PATHOGENESIS
Defective Apolipoprotein E (Apo E)
Lab Findings
Increased Chylomicrons
Increased VLDL
Symptoms/Findings
Premature atherosclerosis
Tuberoeruptive xanthomas
Palmar xanthomas
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3 mins
Hypertriglyceridemia (Type IV Familial Dyslipidemia)
INHERITANCE
Autosomal Dominant
pathogenesis
Hepatic Overproduction of VLDL
Related to Insulin Resistance
Lab Findings
Increased VLDL
Increased Triglycerides (> 1000 mg/dL)
Symptoms/Findings
Acute Pancreatitis
Eruptive Xanthomas
Increased Risk for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Increased Risk of Peripheral Vascular Disease
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3 mins
Hyperchylomicronemia (Type I Familial Dyslipidemia)
INHERITANCE
Autosomal Recessive
PATHOGENESIS
Lipoprotein Lipase Deficiency (LPL)
Altered Apolipoprotein C-II (Apo C-II)
Lab Findings
Increased Chylomicrons
Increased Cholesterol
Increased Triglycerides
Symptoms/Findings
Pancreatitis
Hepatosplenomegaly
No Increased Risk for Atherosclerosis
Eruptive/Pruritic Xanthomas
Milky White Appearance of Blood When Drawn
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3 mins
Hypercholesterolemia Treatment
Lifestyle Modifications (Diet, Exercise, Smoking Cessation)
Statins
Niacin
Ezetimibe
Fibrates
Bile Acid Resins
PCSK9 Inhibitors
Omega 3 Fatty Acids
Screening
Pooled Cohort Test
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2 mins
Mitral Stenosis
Characteristics
Murmur Follows Opening Snap
Late Diastolic Murmur
Enhanced by Expiration
Low-Pitched Rumbling
Dilation of Left Atrium (LA)
Recurrent Attacks of Rheumatic Fever
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2 mins
Mitral Regurgitation
Characteristics
Holosystolic
Blowing Murmur
Loudest at Apex
Radiates toward Axilla
Louder by Squatting
Hand Grip
Expiration
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1 min
Aortic Stenosis
Characteristics
Age-related Calcifications
Bicuspid Aortic Valve
Crescendo-decrescendo Murmur
Systolic Murmur
Ejection Murmur
Ejection Click
Radiates to Carotids and Apex
Pulsus Parvus et Tardus
Syncope
Helmet Cells
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2 mins
Rheumatic Fever
Pathophysiology
Pharyngeal Infection with Strep Pyogenes (Group A Strep)
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Signs and Symptoms
Aschoff Bodies
Anitschkow's Cells
Early Death Due to Myocarditis
Migratory Polyarthritis
Subcutaneous Nodules
Erythema Marginatum
Chorea
Diagnosis
Elevated ESR
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2 mins
Acute Pericarditis Assessment
Pericardial Sac Inflammation
Assessment
Sharp Chest Pain
Increased with Inspiration
Pain Decreased by Leaning Forward
Pericardial Friction Rub
Diffuse ST-Elevation
T Wave Inversion
Fever
Considerations
May Be Asymptomatic
Cardiac Tamponade
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2 mins
Acute Pericarditis Interventions
Interventions
Treat Underlying Disorder
Antibiotics
Colchicine + NSAIDs
Corticosteroids
Place Patient Upright with Head of Bed at 45°
Pericardiocentesis
Pericardial Window
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2 mins
Acute Pericarditis Causes
Idiopathic
Infection
Trauma
Cardiac
Myocardial Infarction
Autoimmune Diseases
Uremia
Tumor
Radiation
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2 mins

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