Wayne Shared "Pathology Bliss 6/13/2024" - 88 Picmonics
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Pathology Bliss 6/13/2024
Left Heart Failure Assessment
Pulmonary Assessment
Pulmonary Congestion
Pink Frothy Sputum
Wheezing or Crackles
Dyspnea with Exertion
Cough
Systemic Assessment
Fatigue
Tachycardia
Weak Peripheral Pulse
S3, S4 Heart Sounds
1 min
Types of Heart Failure
Left Sided
Pulmonary Congestion
Right Sided
Peripheral Edema
High Output
Unable to Meet Metabolic Needs
1 min
Heart Failure Interventions
Diagnostic Tests
Echocardiogram
Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring
Improve Gas Exchange
High Fowler's Position
Oxygen
Advanced Airway
Drugs and Devices
Diuretics
Beta Blockers
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
ACE Inhibitors
Digoxin (Lanoxin)
Pacemaker
2 mins
Right Heart Failure Assessment
Jugular Venous Distention (JVD)
Peripheral Edema
Hepatosplenomegaly
Nocturia
Weight Gain
Ascites
Fatigue
1 min
Ebstein's Anomaly
Pathophysiology
Displacement of Tricuspid Valve Leaflets
Etiology
"Atrialization" of the Right Ventricle
Lithium Exposure In Utero
Signs and Symptoms
Tricuspid Regurgitation
Right-Sided Heart Failure
1 min
Aortic Stenosis
Characteristics
Age-related Calcifications
Bicuspid Aortic Valve
Crescendo-decrescendo Murmur
Systolic Murmur
Ejection Murmur
Ejection Click
Radiates to Carotids and Apex
Pulsus Parvus et Tardus
Syncope
Helmet Cells
2 mins
Aortic Regurgitation
Auscultation
Diastolic Murmur
Immediate High-pitched
Blowing Murmur
Clinical Findings
Wide Pulse Pressure
Water Hammer Pulse
Head Bobbing
Pulsating Nail Bed
Considerations
Can Cause Austin Flint Murmur
1 min
Tricuspid Regurgitation
Holosystolic
Blowing Murmur
Radiates to Right Sternal Border
Enhanced by Inspiration
1 min
Mitral Stenosis
Characteristics
Murmur Follows Opening Snap
Late Diastolic Murmur
Enhanced by Expiration
Low-Pitched Rumbling
Dilation of Left Atrium (LA)
Recurrent Attacks of Rheumatic Fever
2 mins
Mitral Regurgitation
Characteristics
Holosystolic
Blowing Murmur
Loudest at Apex
Radiates toward Axilla
Louder by Squatting
Hand Grip
Expiration
1 min
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Continuous
Machine like murmur
Often Due to Congenital Rubella
Prematurity
1 min
Cardiac Cycle - Diastole
Characteristics
Aortic Valve Closes
Pulmonary Valve Closes
Ventricles Relax
Mitral Valve Opens
Tricuspid Valve Opens
Ventricles Fill
Sinoatrial (SA) Node Fires
Atrial Contraction
3 mins
Cardiac Cycle - Systole
Characteristics
AV Node
AV Node Conducts Signal to Bundle of His
Bundle of His Signals Purkinje Fibers to Contract Ventricles
Tricuspid Valve Closes
Pulmonary Valve Opens
Mitral Valve Closes
Aortic Valve Opens
2 mins
Brugada Syndrome
Defective Myocardial Sodium Channels
Predominance in Asian Males
Autosomal Dominant
Pseudo-Right Bundle Branch Block Pattern
Persistent ST Elevations in Leads V1-V2
Risk of VTACH and Sudden Cardiac Death
Syncope
Management
ICD
Antiarrhythmics
3 mins
Congenital Long QT Syndrome
PATHOGENESIS
Inherited Disorder of Myocardial Repolarization
Potassium (K+) Channel Mutations
SYMPTOMS
Prolonged QT Interval
Torsades de Pointes
Increased Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD)
TYPES OF SYNDROMES
Romano-Ward Syndrome
Autosomal Dominant
Pure Cardiac Phenotype (No Deafness)
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen Syndrome
Autosomal Recessive
Sensorineural Deafness
4 mins
Myocardial infarction Evolution
Myocardial Infarction Evolution
First 24 hours
Gross= normal
Coagulative necrosis
Pyknotic
Loss of nuclei
Arrhythmia
Heart failure
cardiogenic shock
1-3 Days
Yellow pallor to heart
Extensive coagulative necrosis
Neutrophils
Acute Inflammation
Pericarditis
3 days to 2 weeks
Yellow viscous fluid
Macrophages
granulation tissue
Free wall rupture
LV pseudoaneurysm
Months
contracted scar complete
Dressler syndrome
Arrhythmia
Ventricular Arrhythmia
TRUE VENTRICULAR ANEURYSM
Heart failure
Evolution of Myocardial Infarction and Complications
Hours to Days
Arrhythmia
Before 7 Days
Fibrinous Pericarditis
Papillary Muscle Rupture
Interventricular Septum Rupture
Before 14 Days
Ventricular Pseudoaneurysm
Ventricular Free Wall Rupture
After 14 Days
True Ventricular Aneurysm
Dressler Syndrome
Other
Left Ventricular Failure
2 mins
Acute Pericarditis Assessment
Pericardial Sac Inflammation
Assessment
Sharp Chest Pain
Increased with Inspiration
Pain Decreased by Leaning Forward
Pericardial Friction Rub
Diffuse ST-Elevation
T Wave Inversion
Fever
Considerations
May Be Asymptomatic
Cardiac Tamponade
2 mins
Acute Pericarditis Interventions
Interventions
Treat Underlying Disorder
Antibiotics
Colchicine + NSAIDs
Corticosteroids
Place Patient Upright with Head of Bed at 45°
Pericardiocentesis
Pericardial Window
2 mins
Acute Pericarditis Causes
Idiopathic
Infection
Trauma
Cardiac
Myocardial Infarction
Autoimmune Diseases
Uremia
Tumor
Radiation
2 mins
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