Whittney Shared "DM" - 12 Picmonics
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DM
Hypokalemia
- Assessment
- < 3.5 mEq/L
- Muscle Weakness
- Arrhythmia
- U Wave
- Ileus
- Hyporeflexia
- Interventions
- IV K+ Infusion at 5-10 mEq/hr
- Give Orally with Food
- Nursing Considerations
- Monitor Respiratory Status
3 mins
Type 1 Diabetes
- Commonly develops in childhood
- Insulin
- HLA DR3 and DR4 polymorphism on chromosome 6
- Late manifestation of symptoms
- T -cell mediated pancreatic beta-cell injury
- Autoantibody to insulin, GAD and ICA512
- Type 1 diabetes triad
Diabetes Interventions
- Early Diagnosis
- Insulin
- Oral Hypoglycemics
- Glucose Monitoring
- Routine Exercise
- Diabetic Diet
- Monitor for Complications
- Insulin Therapy
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
2 mins
Dawn Phenomenon
- Cause/Mechanism
- Increased Hormone Production
- Assessment
- Hyperglycemia Upon Awakening
- Interventions
- Long-Acting Evening Insulin
- Change Administration Times
- Insulin Pump
- Considerations
- Closely Monitor Glucose Levels
- Between 2-6AM
- Limit Carbohydrates Before Bedtime
2 mins
Diabetes Assessment
- Assessment Type 1
- Juvenile Onset
- Absent Insulin Production
- Ketosis Prone
- Assessment Type 2
- Adult Onset
- Insulin Resistance
- Obesity
- Gestational Diabetes
- Onset During Pregnancy
- Glucose Intolerance
- Complications
- Retinopathy
- Peripheral Vascular Disease
- Nephropathy
- Neuropathy
2 mins
Diabetes Education
- Self-Monitoring (Blood Glucose)
- SubQ Injection Technique
- Lifestyle Changes
- Symptoms of Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia
- Sick Day Care
- Foot Care
- Exercise Therapy
- Medication
1 min
Diabetes Insipidus Assessment
- Polyuria
- Nocturia
- Low Specific Gravity (USG)
- Polydipsia
- Dehydration
- Hypotension
- Tachycardia
- Confusion
2 mins
Metabolic Syndrome
- Assessment
- Dyslipidemia
- Central Obesity
- Insulin Resistance
- Hypertension
- Increased C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
- Increased Fibrinogen
- Considerations
- Increased Risk Cardiovascular Disease
1 min
Diabetes Insipidus
- Excess urinary loss of water
- Deficiency/insensitivity to vasopressin
- Hypernatremia
- Low urinary sodium excretion
- Treat with desmopressin
- Patient should drink to thirst
Chronic Complication of Diabetes
- Advanced glycation end products
- Increased VEGF, TFG-beta and smooth muscle
- AGEs crosslink ECM proteins
- Albumin
- Activation of protein kinase C
- Oxidative stress
- Cataract
- Fructose-6-phosphate
- Procoagulant effect
- Diabetic Nephropathy
- Visual impairment
- Diabetic neuropathy
- Enhanced susceptibility to infections
Anti-Diabetic Drugs
- Sulphonylureas
- Glyburide and Glipizide (2nd Generation Sulfonylureas)
- Glibendamide
- Glimepiride
- Meglitinides
- Repaglinide and Nateglinide (Meglitinides)
- Biguanides
- Metformin
- a-Glucosidase inhibitors
- Pioglitazone (Thiazolidinediones)
- Glucagon
- Delta cells release Somatostatin
- Glucagon-like peptide-1
- Sitagliptin (Januvia) and Saxagliptin (Onglyza) (DPP-4 Inhibitors)
Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State
- Insufficient insulin
- Dehydration
- Mostly Type 2 Diabetes
- Mortality highest in elderly
- Insidious development
- Neurologic defects
- Hypotension
- Hypernatremia
- Treat with water, potassium
