Carlos Shared "09 Neurology Ophthalmology + Path" - 58 Picmonics
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09 Neurology Ophthalmology + Path
Eye
- Characteristics
- Sclera
- Cornea
- Iris
- Lens
- Ciliary Muscles
- Optic Nerve
- Rods
- Cones
- Retina
1 min
Cataract
- Mechanism
- Age-related
- Assessment
- No Pain
- Cloudy Opaque Lens
- Decreased Visual Acuity
- Occurs Gradually
- Treatment
- Surgery
1 min
Open-Angle Glaucoma
- Humor Has Access to Trabecular Meshwork
- Presentation
- Painless
- African American
- Elderly
- Positive Family History
- Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
- Most Common Form of Glaucoma
- Unknown Mechanism
- Secondary Open-Angle Glaucoma
- Blocked Trabecular Meshwork (With Open-Angle)
- WBCs
- Red Blood Cells (RBC)
- Retinal Products
2 mins
Closed-Angle Glaucoma
- Primary
- Lens causes pupillary obstruction
- Aqueous humor builds behind iris
- Iris bends forward, obstructing trabecular mesh
- Secondary
- Hypoxia Causes Neovascular Proliferation
- Contraction and obstruction of trabecular mesh
- Chronic disease (Crone)
- Asymptomatic
- Acute Disease
- Eye pain and blindness
- Rock-hard eye
- Headache
- Emergency
- Epinephrine contraindicated
2 mins
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
- Mechanism
- Dry (nonexudative)
- Wet (exudative)
- Signs and Symptoms
- Scotomas
- Blurred, Darkened Vision
- Loss of Central Vision
- Distortion of Vision
- Considerations
- Drug Therapy
- Surgery
- Low-vision Assistive Devices
2 mins
Detached Retina
- Assessment
- Flashes of Light
- Floaters
- Curtain Like Shadow
- Interventions
- Eye Patch
- Bed Rest
- Surgical Emergency
- Considerations
- No Vigorous Activity
2 mins
Diabetic Retinopathy
- Most Common Cause of Blindess in the USA
- Retinal Damage due to Chronic Hyperglycemia
- Cotton wool spots
- Nonproliferative
- Nonproliferative
- Damaged capillaries leak blood
- This causes lipids and fluid to seep into retina
- Results in Hemorrhages and Macular Edema
- Control Blood Sugar for Treatment
- Proliferative
- Proliferative
- Chronic hypoxia results in new blood vessel formation with resultant traction on retina
- Peripheral Retinal Photocoagulation for treatment
- Surgery
- Anti-VEGF
Retinal vein occlusion
- Blockage of central or branch retinal vein due to compression from nearby arterial atherosclerosis
- Retinal hemorrhage
- Venous engorgement
- Edema in affected area
Central retinal artery occlusion
- Acute, painless monocular vision loss
- Retina cloudy with attenuated (thin) vessels
- âCherry-redâ spot at fovea (center of macula)
- Evaluate
- Evaluate for embolic source
- Carotid artery atherosclerosis
- Cardiac vegetations
- Patent Foramen Ovale
Retinitis Pigmentosa
- Inherited retinal degeneration
- Night blindness (rods affected first)
- Painless, progressive vision loss
- Bone spiculeâshaped deposits around macula
Retinitis
- Retinal edema and necrosis
- Leads to scar
- Often viral (CMV, HSV, VZV), but can be bacterial or parasitic
- May be associated with immunosuppression (such as AIDS patients)
- CMV RETINITIS
- Common in AIDS patients
- Presents with cotton wool exudates, perivascular hemorrhage, and necrotizing retinitis on funduscopic examination
- Can evolve into retinal detachement
Papilledema
- Optic disc swelling (usually bilateral) due to Increased ICP
- Enlarged blind spot and elevated optic disc with blurred margins
- Common in Pseudotumor Cerebri
Marcus Gunn pupil
- Afferent pupillary defect
- Due to optic nerve damage or severe retinal injury
- Decreased bilateral pupillary constriction when light is shone in affected eye relative to unaffected eye
- Tested with âswinging flashlight testâ
Horner Syndrome
- Cause
- Sympathetic Denervation of Face and Iris
- Associated with lesion of spinal cord above T1
- Symptoms
- Ptosis
- Anhidrosis
- Flushing on affected side
- Miosis (pupil constriction)
- Anisocoria
- Associated Lesions
- Pancoast Tumor
- Brown-SĂ©quard Syndrome
- Syringomyelia
- SYMPATHETIC DENERVATION OF IRIS
- If the damage is to the third-order neuron (postganglionic fibers) the pupil will not dilate. If the damage is to first- or second-order neurons the pupil will dilate.
Visual Field Defects - Anatomy Overview
- Optic Nerve
- Vision Loss in One Eye
- Optic Chiasm
- Bitemporal Hemianopia - Both Eyes Outside Vision Loss
- Optic Tract
- Homonymous Hemianopia - Both Eyes Same Side
- Dorsal Optic Radiation
- Lower Quadrantic Vision Loss
- Meyer's Loop
- Upper Quadrantic Vision Loss
2 mins
Visual Field Defects - Right Anopia
- Visual Field Abnormality
- Right Anopia
- Complete Vision Loss in 1 Eye
- Location of Lesion
- Right Optic Nerve
- Causes
- Retinoblastoma
- Gliomas
41 secs
Visual Field Defects - Bitemporal Hemianopia
- Visual Field Abnormality
- Bitemporal Hemianopia
- Both Eyes Outside Vision Loss
- Tunnel Vision
- Location of Lesion
- Optic Chiasm
- Causes
- Suprasellar Compression
- Pituitary Adenoma
- Craniopharyngioma
1 min
Visual Field Defects - Homonymous Hemianopia
- Visual Field Abnormality
- Homonymous Hemianopia
- Vision Loss - Both Eyes Same Side
- Location of Lesion
- Optic Tract
- Parietal Lobe
1 min
Visual Field Defects - Left Upper Quadrantic Anopia
- Visual Field Abnormality
- Left Upper Quadrantic Anopia
- Pie in the Sky
- Location of Lesion
- Meyer's Loop
- Right Temporal Lobe
- Cause
- Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) Infarct
1 min
Visual Field Defects - Left Lower Quadrantic Anopia
- Visual Field Abnormality
- Left Lower Quadrantic Anopia
- Pie on the Floor
- Location of Lesion
- Dorsal Optic Radiation
- Parietal Lobe
- Causes
- Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) Infarct
1 min
