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Biotin (Vitamin B7)
Mechanism
Carboxylation Reaction
Pyruvate Carboxylation to Oxaloacetate
Propionyl-CoA Carboxylation to Methylmalonyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylation to Malonyl CoA
Deficiency Causes
Antibiotic Use
Ingestion of Raw Eggs
Signs & Symptoms
Alopecia
Dermatitis
Enteritis
2 mins
Fabry's Disease
Pathophysiology
X-linked Recessive
Alpha-galactosidase A Deficiency
Increased Ceramide trihexoside
Early Signs and Symptoms
Decreased Sweating (Hypohidrosis)
Angiokeratoma
Episodic Peripheral Neuropathy
Late Signs and Symptoms
Cardiovascular Disease
Renal Failure
1 min
Folate Deficiency
Clinical Features
Macrocytic Anemia
Megaloblastic Anemia
Etiologies
Malabsorption
Dietary
Tea and Toast
Alcoholics
Medication-induced
Methotrexate
Trimethoprim
Increased Requirement
Hemolytic Anemia
Pregnancy
2 mins
Kwashiorkor
Protein Deficiency
Swollen Belly
MEALS
Malnutrition
Edema
Anemia
Liver Malfunction
Skin Lesions
2 mins
Marasmus
Deficiency of all Nutrients
Body Weight < 60% of Normal
Tissue and Muscle Wasting
Loss of Subcutaneous Fat (Buttocks and Thighs)
Variable Edema
2 mins
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Classification
Vitamin B2
Biochemistry
FAD
FAD Makes 1.5 ATP
Succinate to Fumarate
DEFICIENCY
Glossitis
Cheilosis
Corneal Vascularization
2 mins
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Deficiency Causes
Causes
Vegans
Pernicious Anemia
Gastric Bypass Surgery
Malabsorption
Sprue
Enteritis
Crohn's Disease
Diphyllobothrium latum
4 mins
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Mechanism and Deficiency
Mechanism
Cobalamin
Large reserve pool in the liver
Homocysteine to methionine
Methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA
Deficiency Signs and Symptoms
Macrocytic Megaloblastic Anemia
Hypersegmented Neutrophils
Neurologic defects
Posterior column
Lateral corticospinal tract
Spinocerebellar tract
5 mins
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Derived from Tryptophan
Synthesis Requires Vitamin B6
Constituent of NAD+
Deficiency Causes
Hartnup Disease
Carcinoid Syndrome
Deficiency Symptoms
Pellagra
Diarrhea
Dermatitis
Dementia
Glossitis
Excess Symptoms
Flushing
2 mins
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenate)
Mechanism
Pantothenate
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
Coenzyme A
Fatty Acid Synthase
Deficiency Signs and Symptoms
Enteritis
Dermatitis
Alopecia
Adrenal Insufficiency
2 mins
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Pyridoxal Phosphate
Mechanism
Transamination
Decarboxylation
Glycogen Phosphorylase
Cystathionine Synthase
Functions
Heme Synthesis
Niacin Synthesis
Neurotransmitter Synthesis
2 mins
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Deficiency
Deficiency From Isoniazid
Deficiency From Oral Contraceptives
Seizures
Hyperirritability
Peripheral Neuropathy
Sideroblastic Anemia
3 mins
Vitamin C Mechanism and Deficiency
Mechanism
Ascorbic acid
Antioxidant
Protects Against Free Radicals
Keeps Iron in Reduced State
Hydroxylation of Proline and Lysine
Necessary for Dopamine B Hydroxylase
Deficiency Signs and Symptoms
Scurvy
Swollen Gums
Bruising
Poor Wound Healing
Hemarthrosis
Perifollicular Hemorrhages
Anemia
4 mins
Vitamin D Deficiency
Signs & Symptoms
Rickets in children
Bending bones
Rachitic rosary
Breast milk has decreased vitamin D
Osteomalacia in adults
Tetany from Hypocalcemia
2 mins
Vitamin D Mechanism
25 OH in the liver
1,25 OH in the kidney
Absorbs Calcium and Phosphorus
42 secs
Vitamin D Toxicity
Kidney Stones
Metastatic Calcification of the Kidney
Loss of Appetite
Abdominal Pain
Sarcoidosis
1 min
Vitamin E Deficiency
Mechanism
Antioxidant
Protects Erythrocytes
Protects from Free Radical Damage
Deficiency Signs and Symptoms
Hemolytic Anemia
Posterior Column
Spinocerebellar Tract
2 mins
Vitamin K
Sources
Dark Green Leafy Vegetables
Synthesized by Intestinal Flora
Mechanism
Activated by Epoxide Reductase
Gamma Carboxylation of Glutamate
Activation of Clotting Factors II, VII, IX, X, Protein C and S
Considerations
Deficiency with Broad Spectrum Antibiotics
Neonatal Hemorrhage with Increased PT and aPTT
Warfarin is a Vitamin K Antagonist
4 mins
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
Thiamine deficiency
Confusion
Ophthalmoplegia
Ataxia
Korsakoff
Confabulation
Personality Changes
Memory loss
Alcoholics
Damage to medial dorsal nucleus
Damage to mammillary bodies
2 mins
Zinc Deficiency
Mechanism
Used in Over 100 Enzymes
Zinc Finger Formation
Signs and Symptoms
Delayed Wound Healing
Hypogonadism
Decreased Adult Hair
Dysgeusia
Anosmia
Perioral Rash
Acrodermatitis Enteropathica
Increased Risk in Patients with Cirrhosis
2 mins
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