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STEP 1 RO
Acarbose (Precose) and Miglitol (Glyset) (Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors)
Mechanisms
Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors
Delays Absorption of Carbohydrates
Indications
Type 2 Diabetes
Side Effects
Flatulence
Diarrhea
Anemia
Cramps
Considerations
Monitor LFTs
Oral Glucose for Hypoglycemia
2 mins
Beta-2 Agonists
Short-term Treatment
Terbutaline
Asthma
Tocolysis
Albuterol
Asthma
Long-term Treatment
Salmeterol
Asthma
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
3 mins
Bile Acid Resins
Indications
Hyperlipidemia
Mechanism of Action
Bile Acid Reabsorption Prevented
Slight Increase HDL/Triglycerides
Decrease LDL
Drugs
Colestipol (Colestid)
Cholestyramine
Colesevelam
Side Effects
Cholesterol Gallstones
Decreased Absorption of Fat-soluble Vitamins
Patients Hate It
2 mins
Chlorpropamide and Tolbutamide (Orinase) (1st Generation Sulfonylureas)
Mechanisms
1st Generation Sulfonylureas
Stimulate Release of Insulin
Indications
Type 2 Diabetes
Side Effects
Hypoglycemia
Possible Cardiovascular Toxicity
Considerations
Beta-blockers Reduce Effects
Avoid During Pregnancy and Breast Feeding
Avoid Alcohol
2 mins
Direct Cholinomimetics
Muscarinic Agonists
Bethanechol
Bladder and Bowels
Methacholine
Bronchoconstriction
Pilocarpine
Contracts Ciliary Muscle and Pupillary Sphincter
Carbachol
Releases Intraocular Pressure
1 min
Ezetimibe
Indications
Hyperlipidemia
Mechanism of Action
Cholesterol Absorption Blocker
Decreases LDL
Side Effects
Diarrhea
Increased LFT Values
57 secs
Fibrates
Indications
Hyperlipidemia
Mechanism of Action
Upregulate LPL
Decreases Triglycerides
Slight Increase in HDL
Slight Decrease in LDL
Side Effect
Hepatotoxicity
Cholesterol Gallstones
1 min
Glyburide and Glipizide (2nd Generation Sulfonylureas)
Mechanisms
2nd Generation Sulfonylureas
Blocks Potassium Channels in Beta Cells
Stimulate Release of Insulin
Indications
Type 2 Diabetes
Side Effects
Hypoglycemia
Considerations
More Potent
Beta Blockers Reduce Effects
Avoid Alcohol
Avoid Breastfeeding
2 mins
Indirect Cholinomimetics
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
Doesn't Cross BBB
Edrophonium
Myasthenia Gravis (Diagnosis)
Pyridostigmine and Neostigmine
Myasthenia Gravis (Tx)
Ileus
Crosses BBB
Physostigmine
Atropine Overdose
Glaucoma
Donepezil
Alzheimer's
2 mins
Metformin
Indications
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
Mechanism of Action
Decreased Gluconeogenesis
Increased Insulin Sensitivity
Side Effects
Lactic Acidosis
GI Distress
Weight Loss
B12 Deficiency
Contraindication
GFR < 30 ml/min
2 mins
Pioglitazone (Thiazolidinediones)
-glitazones Suffix
Mechanism
Binds PPAR-Gamma
Decreases Insulin Resistance
Indications
Type 2 Diabetes
Side Effects
Weight Gain
Heart Failure
Myalgia
Hypoglycemia
Upper Respiratory Infection
Considerations
Increased Risk of Bladder Cancer
Increased Fracture Risk in Women
Monitor Liver Enzymes
2 mins
Repaglinide and Nateglinide (Meglitinides)
Mechanisms
Meglitinides
Increased Insulin Release
Indications
Type 2 Diabetes
Side Effect
Hypoglycemia
Considerations
Eat Within 30 Minutes
Gemfibrozil Increases Risk of Hypoglycemia
Short Half-Life
2 mins
Sitagliptin (Januvia) and Saxagliptin (Onglyza) (DPP-4 Inhibitors)
-gliptin Suffix
Mechanisms
DPP-4 Inhibitor
Increases Insulin Release
Indications
Type 2 Diabetes
Side Effects
Pancreatitis
Upper Respiratory Infection and Inflammation
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Considerations
Used as Add-on Agents
2 mins
Statins
Rhabdomyolysis
Hepatotoxicity
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
Decrease LDL
Decrease Triglycerides
Increase HDL
2 mins
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