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keyshonda Shared "patho exam 2" - 88 Picmonics

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patho exam 2

Macroscopic Bone Structure
Characteristics
Compact Bone
Yellow Bone Marrow
Spongy Bone
Red Bone Marrow
Long Bone
Epiphysis
Epiphyseal Plate
Diaphysis
Metaphysis
Periosteum
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2 mins
Osteoporosis Interventions
Increased Calcium Intake
Vitamin D Supplements
Bisphosphonates
Raloxifene
Denosumab
Calcitonin
Teriparatide
Bone Densitometry (DEXA) Scan
Weight Bearing Exercises
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2 mins
Primary Hypertension Risk Factors
Excessive Alcohol Consumption
High Sodium Diet
Dyslipidemia
Obesity
People of African Descent
Advanced Age
Vitamin D Deficiency
Reduced Nephron Number
Diabetes
Lack of Physical Activity
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2 mins
Blood Pressure Classification (JNC 7)
Classifications
Normal
Systolic (<120)
Diastolic (< 80)
Prehypertension
Systolic +20 (120-139)
Diastolic +10 (80-89)
Stage 1 Hypertension
Systolic +20 (140-159)
Diastolic +10 (90-99)
Stage 2 Hypertension
Systolic + > 20 (160)
Diastolic + > 10 (100)
Hypertensive Crisis
Systolic > 180
Diastolic > 110
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4 mins
Hypertension Assessment
Mechanism
Essential Hypertension
Secondary Hypertension
Assessment
Headache
Vision Changes
Nosebleed (Epistaxis)
Chest Pain
Syncope (Fainting)
Diagnosis
Average 2 Sets, 2 Minutes Apart
After 2 or More Visits (within 1-4 weeks)
Nursing Considerations
Take BP Both Arms
Common in African Americans
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2 mins
Hypertension Intervention
Lifestyle Modifications
Weight Reduction and Exercise
Diet Changes
Relaxation Techniques
Smoking Cessation
Medications
Encourage Self Monitoring
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1 min
Hypertension Medications
Diuretics
ACE Inhibitors
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
Beta Blockers
Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blockers
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2 mins
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
Mechanism
Atherosclerosis
Assessment
Intermittent Claudication
Pain with Exercise
Paresthesias
Arterial Ulcers
Critical Limb Ischemia
Amputation
Consideration
Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI)
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2 mins
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) Assessment
Mechanism
Atherosclerosis
Assessment
Bruit
Pulsation in Abdomen
Abdominal or Lower Back Pain
Tearing Pain
Diagnosis
Ultrasound
Considerations
Rupture
Shock
Surgical Repair
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1 min
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
Characteristics
Elderly Men
Above the Diaphragm
Usually Asymptomatic
Risk Factors
Hypertension
Smoking
Connective Tissue Disorders
Vasculitis
Diagnosis
Chest X-Ray
Chest CT Angiography
Management
Manage Risk Factors
Surgery if Rupture or Dissection
Observation if Asymptomatic
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4 mins
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Signs, Symptoms and Treatment
Signs and Symptoms
Sudden Death Of Young Athlete
Heart Failure
Angina
Arrhythmias
Syncope
Harsh Systolic Ejection Murmur
S4 Heart Sound
Treatment
Beta Blocker
Non-dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blocker
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2 mins
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Mechanisms
Pathophysiology
2/3 Autosomal-Dominant
1/3 Sporadic Type
Mutation in Gene for Sarcomere Protein
Cardiac Myosin Binding Protein C
Asymmetric Septal Hypertrophy
Outflow Tract Obstruction
Diastolic Dysfunction
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2 mins
Types of Strokes
Warning Signs
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
Reversible Ischemic Neurologic Deficit (RIND)
Types
Ischemic
Thrombotic
Atherosclerosis
Embolic
Atrial Fibrillation
Hemorrhagic
Severe Hypertension
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3 mins
Myocardial Infarction Diagnosis
Diagnosis
12 Lead ECG
ST Elevation
Q Wave
T Wave Inversion
Troponin T and I
CK-MB
Considerations
Early ECG
Cardiac Stress Test
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2 mins
Myocardial Infarction Assessment
Assessment
Substernal Chest Pain
Crushing or Dull Sensation
Arm, Jaw, and Neck
> 20 Minutes
Unrelieved by Nitro
Palpitations
Diaphoresis
Fear of Impending Doom
Nausea and Vomiting
Shortness of Breath
Considerations
Monitor for Arrhythmias
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2 mins
Myocardial Infarction Interventions
MONA
Morphine
Oxygen
Nitrates
Aspirin
Thrombolytics (tPA)
Invasive Procedures
Cardiac Catheterization
Stent Placement
Angioplasty
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)
Considerations
Decrease Modifiable Risk Factors
Resuming Activity (Physical, Sexual)
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2 mins
Acute Pericarditis Causes
Idiopathic
Infection
Trauma
Cardiac
Myocardial Infarction
Autoimmune Diseases
Uremia
Tumor
Radiation
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2 mins
Types of Heart Failure
Left Sided
Pulmonary Congestion
Right Sided
Peripheral Edema
High Output
Unable to Meet Metabolic Needs
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1 min
Endocarditis Assessment
Infection of Inner Layer and Valves
Assessment
Fever
Fatigue
New or Changed Murmurs
Roth's Spots
Splinter Hemorrhages
Janeway Lesions
Osler's Nodes
Considerations
Heart Failure
Embolization
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2 mins
Types of Shock
Hypovolemic
Depleted Volume
Cardiogenic
Pump Failure
Obstructive
Indirect Pump Failure
Distributive
Lost Vascular Tone
Neurogenic
Anaphylactic
Septic
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2 mins

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