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COVID 19
COVID 19 symptoms (SARS-COV-2)
Transmissible through close contact
SARS-CoV2 is COVID 19
Early Symptoms
Fever
Cough
Dyspnea
Happy or silent hypoxia
Anosmia
Diarrhea and Nausea
Abdominal Pain
Muscle ache
Sore Throat
2-14 day incubation time
Medical Complications
ARDS
Septic Shock
respiratory failure
Cardiomyopathy
Increased Risk of Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)
organ failure
Atypical pneumonia
enveloped ss(+)RNA
IgG indicates active infection and IgM past infection
hemagglutinate positive
replicating in CD4+ T cells, cardiac, hepatic, renal tissue, leads to cytokine storm
Partial Pressure of Oxygen in the Inspired Air (PIO2)
PIO2 Normally Approximated = 150 mmHg
Arterial Partial Pressure of CO2 (PaCO2)
Respiratory Quotient (R)
R Normally Approximated = 0.8
PAO2 = PIO2 - (PaCO2/R)
1 min
Respiratory Anatomy
Characteristics
Nasal Cavity
Hair Filters
Mucus Filters and Moistens
Capillaries Warm
Pharynx (Throat)
Larynx (Voice Box)
Cilia Expel Mucus and Dust
Trachea
Bronchi
Alveoli
2 mins
Physiologic Dead Space (VD)
Tidal Volume (Vt)
Partial Pressure of Arterial CO2 (PaCO2)
Partial Pressure of CO2 in Expired Air (PECO2)
VD = VT x (PaCO2-PECO2) / PaCO2
2 mins
A-a Gradient
Partial pressure of alveolar oxygen (PAO2)
Partial Pressure of Arterial O2 (PaO2)
Normal 10 to 15 mmHg
Hypoxemia with an Abnormal A-a Gradient
Diffusion problem
Shunting (Low V/Q)
Dead space (high V/Q)
1 min
Winter's Formula
Evaluates Respiratory Compensation
Used in Metabolic Acidosis
Equation
(HCO3 x 1.5 ) + 8 plus-minus 2 = PCO2
Steps
Bicarbonate (HCO3) x 1.5
+ 8
± 2
= Expected Value for PCO2
2 mins
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