Nicole Shared "FOM Biochemistry" - 13 Picmonics
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FOM Biochemistry
Gluconeogenesis
- OVERVIEW
- Produces Glucose from Non-Carbohydrate Substrates
- Upregulated by Glucagon and Cortisol
- PATHWAY
- Pyruvate
- Pyruvate Carboxylase
- Oxaloacetate
- Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) Carboxykinase
- Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
- Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
- Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
- Fructose-6-phosphate
- Glucose-6-phosphate
- Glucose 6-phosphatase
- Glucose
- Clinical Relevance
- Von Gierke Disease
4 mins
Glycolysis
- Characteristics
- Glucose
- Hexokinase or Glucokinase
- Glucose-6-phosphate
- Fructose-6-phosphate
- Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
- Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
- Aldolase
- Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
- 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
- 3-phosphoglycerate
- 2-phosphoglycerate
- Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
- Pyruvate Kinase
- Pyruvate
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
- Acetyl-CoA
4 mins
Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Inner Mitochondrial Membrane
- Electron Transport Chain
- Oxygen is Final Electron Acceptor
- Proton Pump
- Proton Motive Force
- ATP Synthase
- 1 NADH 2.5 ATP
- 1 FADH2 1.5 ATP
3 mins
Aerobic Respiration
- Mitochondrial Matrix
- 2 Pyruvate
- Pyruvate Decarboxylation
- 2 NADH
- 2 Acetyl-CoA
- Krebs Cycle
- 6 NADH
- 2 FADH2
- 2 Substrate Level ATPs
1 min
Anaerobic Respiration
- Cytosol
- Glucose
- Glycolysis
- Substrate-level Phosphorylation
- 2 NADH
- 2 Net ATP
- 2 Pyruvate
- Fermentation
- NAD+ Regeneration
- Waste Byproduct
2 mins
Hemoglobin
- Hemoglobin Has Four Iron Hemes
- Lots Of Hemoglobin In Red Blood Cells
- High O2 Levels Increase O2 Binding
- High Temperature Reduces O2 Binding
- High CO2 Levels Reduce O2 Binding
- Low pH Reduces O2 Binding
- Myoglobin Binds Oxygen in Muscle
2 mins
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Disease
- Pathophysiology
- Faulty Collagen Synthesis
- Autosomal Dominant or Recessive
- Various Severities
- Signs and Symptoms
- Hypermobile Joints
- Hyperextensible Skin
- Easy Bruising/Bleeding
- Berry (Saccular) Aneurysm
- Considerations
- Brighton Criteria
2 mins
Vitamin C Mechanism and Deficiency
- Mechanism
- Ascorbic acid
- Antioxidant
- Protects Against Free Radicals
- Keeps Iron in Reduced State
- Hydroxylation of Proline and Lysine
- Necessary for Dopamine B Hydroxylase
- Deficiency Signs and Symptoms
- Scurvy
- Swollen Gums
- Bruising
- Poor Wound Healing
- Hemarthrosis
- Perifollicular Hemorrhages
- Anemia
4 mins
Menkes Disease
- X-linked Recessive
- Defect in ATP7A
- Defective Copper Transporting ATPase 1
- Defective Collagen
- Clinical Features
- Brittle, Kinky Hair
- Hypopigmentation
- Hypotonia
- Developmental Delay
- Cerebral Aneurysm
- Diagnosis
- Genetic Testing
- Blood Test
2 mins
Marfan Syndrome
- Mechanism
- Fibrillin-1 Mutation
- Symptoms
- Autosomal Dominant
- Tall
- Arachnodactyly
- Pectus Excavatum
- Hypermobile Joints
- Aortic Aneurysm And Dissection
- Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)
- Subluxation of Lens (Superior)
2 mins
Emphysema
- Clinical Features
- Pink Puffer
- Exhale through Pursed Lips
- Barrel Chest
- Pathophysiology
- Obstructive Lung Disease
- Increased Lung Compliance
- Types
- Centriacinar
- Panacinar
2 mins
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt (Pentose Phosphate Pathway)
- Oxidative Phase (Irreversible)
- Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
- Converts Glucose-6-Phosphate to Ribulose-5-Phosphate
- Generates NADPH
- Reduces Glutathione
- Prevents Oxidative Damage
- Non-Oxidative Phase (Reversible)
- Ribulose-5-Phosphate to Ribose-5-Phosphate
- Nucleotide Synthesis
2 mins
Glycogen Metabolism
- Glycogenesis
- Glucose to UDP-Glucose
- Chain Elongation
- UDP-Glucose to Glycogen
- Glycogenin
- Glycogen Synthase
- Branching Enzyme
- Glycogenolysis
- Glycogen to Glucose
- Glycogen Phosphorylase + Vitamin B6 Cofactor
- Limit Dextrin
- Debranching Enzyme
4 mins
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