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Immune System
Cell-mediated Adaptive Immune Response
Characteristics
Macrophages and Dendritic Cells Present Antigens
T Cell Develops Antigen Specificity
Regulatory T Cells Suppress Response
Memory T Cells Cause Faster Secondary Response
Cytotoxic T Cells Lyse Infected Cells
Infected Cells Present Antigen On Surface
2 mins
Innate Immunity Cellular Response
Characteristics
Natural Killer Lymphocytes Attack Abnormal Cells
Neutrophils in Blood
Infected Cells Release Interferon
Complement Proteins Lyse Pathogens/Infected Cells
Dendritic Cells in Tissue
Macrophages in Tissue
2 mins
Humoral Adaptive Immunity
Characteristics
B Cell Binds Free Floating Antigen
B Cell Presents Antigen to Helper T Cell
Helper T Cells Help B Cells Develop Antigen Specificity
Plasma B Cells Secrete Antibodies
Memory B Cells Cause Faster Secondary Response
2 mins
Innate Immunity Barriers
Skin Protects Against Pathogens
Normal Flora Outcompete Pathogens
Lysozyme in Saliva, Tears, and Mucus
Mucous Traps Pathogens
Cilia Remove Mucus
Acid and Digestive Enzymes in the Stomach Kill Pathogens
2 mins
Inflammatory Response
Pathogens Infect Tissue
Mast Cells Release Histamine
Histamine Dilates and Increases Capillary Permeability
Macrophages Engulf Pathogens
Macrophage Signals Cells With Cytokines
Responding Neutrophils Cross Capillary Wall
B And T Lymphocytes Arrive At Injury Site
2 mins
Immune System Tissues
Characteristics
Bone Marrow
B Cells and T Cells Formed
B Cells Mature
Thymus
T Cells Tested For Self-Response
T Cells Mature
Lymph Nodes
Mature B Cells and T Cells Monitor Lymph For Pathogens
Spleen
Mature B Cells and T Cells Monitor Blood For Pathogens
1 min
Prednisone (Glucocorticoids)
Mechanism
Glucocorticoid
Indications
Inflammatory Conditions
Organ Transplant Rejection
Side Effects
Cataracts and Glaucoma
Cushing's Syndrome
Osteoporosis
Immunosuppression
Hyperglycemia
Ulcers
Considerations
Adrenal Insufficiency
Taper Gradually
2 mins
Cyclosporine (Sandimmune) Overview
Mechanism
Immunosuppressant
Inhibits Calcineurin, Decreasing IL-2
Indications
Prevent Transplant Rejection
Psoriasis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Considerations
Monitor Plasma Levels
Avoid Grapefruit Juice
Increased Risk of Lymphoma
2 mins
Cyclosporine (Sandimmune) Side Effects
Side Effects
Nephrotoxicity
Hepatotoxicity
Infection
Hypertension
Hirsutism
Tremor
Hyperkalemia
Hypomagnesemia
Gingival Hyperplasia
1 min
Tacrolimus (Prograf) Overview
Mechanisms
Immunosuppressant
Inhibits Calcineurin, Decreasing IL-2
Indications
Transplant Rejection
Atopic Dermatitis
Considerations
Increased Lymphoma Risk
Avoid Grapefruit Juice
1 min
Tacrolimus (Prograf) Side Effects
Nephrotoxicity
Neurotoxicity
GI Distress
Infection
Hypertension
Hyperkalemia
Hyperglycemia
1 min
Methotrexate
Indications
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Cancer
Medical Abortion
Mechanism
Folic Acid Analog
Inhibits Dihydrofolate Reductase
Side Effects
Pulmonary Fibrosis
Myelosuppression is Treated with Leucovorin Rescue (Folinic Acid)
Macrocytic Anemia
Hepatitis
Teratogenic
Mucositis
2 mins
Azathioprine (Imuran)
Mechanism
Antimetabolite
Prodrug of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP)
Inhibits Synthesis of Nucleic Acids
Indications
Autoimmune Disorders
Kidney Transplantation
Side Effects
Myelosuppression
Increased Toxicity with Allopurinol Use
Pancreatitis
Malignancy
3 mins
Bruton's Agammaglobulinemia
Pathophysiology
X-linked Recessive
Defective Bruton Tyrosine Kinase
Blocks B Cell Maturation
Signs & Symptoms
Decreased Immunoglobulins of All Classes
Bacterial Infections After Six Months
Maternal IgG Protects Before Six Months
2 mins
Common Variable Immunodeficiency
Pathophysiology
Defect in B Cell Maturation
Decreased Plasma Cells
Decreased Immunoglobulins
Signs & Symptoms
Sinopulmonary Infections
Increased Risk of Autoimmune Disease
Lymphoma
1 min
Selective IgA Deficiency
Pathophysiology
Defect in Class Switching
Decreased IgA
Signs and Symptoms
Often Asymptomatic
Increase in Atopic & Autoimmune Diseases
Sinopulmonary Infections
Increased Risk Giardia Lamblia Infections
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Celiac Disease
Considerations
Anaphylaxis From IgA Containing Blood Products
2 mins
Hyper IgE Syndrome
Pathophysiology
Job's Syndrome
Abnormal Chemotaxis
Decreased IFN Gamma
Signs and Symptoms
Leonine Facies
Cold Non-Inflamed Staph Aureus Abscesses
Retained Primary Teeth
Eczema
Red Hair
1 min
IL-12 Receptor Deficiency
Pathophysiology
IL-12 Secreted by Macrophages
Decreased Th1 Response
Decreased IFN Gamma
Signs and Symptoms
Mycobacterial Infections
Salmonella
1 min
Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
Mechanism and Characteristics
T Cell Dysfunction
Candida Albicans
Signs and Symptoms
Infections of Skin
Infections of Mucous Membrane
Susceptible to HPV Infections like Condyloma Acuminatum
42 secs
Thymic Aplasia (DiGeorge Syndrome)
Pathophysiology
DiGeorge Syndrome
22q11 Deletion
Failure to Develop Third and Fourth Pharyngeal Pouches
Signs and Symptoms
Undeveloped Thymus
T Cell Deficiency
Recurrent Viral and Fungal Infections
Undeveloped Parathyroids
Hypocalcemia
Tetany
Aortic Defects
Congenital Heart Defects
Diagnosis
Absent Thymic Shadow on CXR
2 mins
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