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GI
Oral Cavity
Characteristics
Mouth
Mechanical Digestion
Salivary Amylase Begins Carbohydrate Breakdown
Lingual Lipase Begins Lipid Breakdown
Esophagus
Bolus
Peristalsis
1 min
Stomach Digestion
Characteristics
Chief Cells Secrete Pepsinogen
Pepsinogen Turned to Pepsin By H+
Protein Breakdown Begins
Mucous Cells Secrete Mucus and Bicarbonate
G Cells Secrete Gastrin
Gastrin Stimulates Parietal Cell HCl Release
Parietal Cells Secrete Intrinsic Factor
2 mins
Small Intestine Digestion
Brush border enzymes
Pancreatic Enzymes are secreted via a Duct
Pancreas secretes bicarbonate
Brush Border activates Pancreatic Trypsin
Trypsin activates Chymotrypsin
Trypsin and Chymotrypsin digest Proteins
Gallbladder Releases Bile
Pancreatic Lipase breaks down Lipids
Goblet cells secrete mucus
Pancreatic Amylase breaks down Carbohydrates
Pancreatic Nucleases breakdown DNA/RNA
Digestion occurs in the Duodenum
2 mins
Large Intestine
Characteristics
Colon
Electrolyte Reabsorption
Water Reabsorption
Microflora Produce Vitamins
Rectum Stores Feces
1 min
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Assessment
Pathophysiology
Relaxed Lower Esophageal Sphincter
Signs and Symptoms
Dyspepsia (Indigestion)
Belching
Nighttime Coughing
Dysphagia
Epigastric Pain
Regurgitation
Heartburn (Pyrosis)
Globus
2 mins
Barrett's Esophagus
Histological findings
Metaplasia in Lower Esophagus
Columnar Epithelium
Associated Pathologies
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Esophagitis
Esophageal Ulcers
Increased Risk of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
1 min
Mallory-Weiss
Characteristics
Bleeding From Tears in Mucosa
Forceful Vomiting
Alcoholism
Eating Disorders (Bulimia)
Painful Hematemesis
Diagnosis
Endoscopy
Management
Observation
2 mins
Boerhaave Syndrome
Pathophysiology
Esophageal Rupture
Increased Esophageal Pressure while Vomiting
Lower 1/3 of Esophagus
Signs and Symptoms
Chest Pain
Odynophagia
Subcutaneous Emphysema
Management
Shock
Surgical Emergency
2 mins
Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF)
Cause
Esophageal Atresia
Ends in Blind Pouch
Assessment
Coughing
Choking
Cyanosis
Drooling
Considerations
NPO
Surgical Emergency
Aspiration Pneumonia
2 mins
Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Characteristics and Presentation
Characteristics
Most Common Esophageal Cancer in USA
Lower 1/3 of Esophagus
Risk Factors
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Barrett's Esophagus
Achalasia
Obesity
Smoking
Presentation
Weight Loss
Progressive Dysphagia
Anemia
2 mins
Colorectal Cancer Assessment
3rd Most Common Cancer
Assessment
Change in Bowel Habits
Bowel Obstruction
Rectal Bleeding
Anemia
Weight Loss
Ascites
Considerations
Colonoscopy
FOBT and FIT
2 mins
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Assessment
Abdominal Pain
Relieved by Defecation
Alternating Diarrhea and Constipation
Fatigue
Excessive Flatulence
Sensation of Incomplete Evacuation
Considerations
Stressors
Food Intolerances
More Common in Women
Rule Out Other Disorders
2 mins
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Interventions
Interventions
Identify Triggers
Increase Fiber Intake
Probiotics
Anticholinergics
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)
Loperamide
Linaclotide
Medications for Women
Tegaserod (Zelnorm)
Lubiprostone (Amitiza)
Alosetron (Lotronex)
2 mins
Types of Hernias
Hiatal
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Inguinal
Men
Femoral
Women
Incisional
Umbilical
Consideration
Strangulation
1 min
Hernia Interventions
Reduce Intra Abdominal Pressure
Avoid Straining and Lifting
Open Mouth Sneezing
Excision
Herniorrhaphy
Hernioplasty
Consideration
Scrotal Support
1 min
Types of Intestinal Obstruction
Mechanical
Adhesions
Hernia
Volvulus
Intussusception
Tumor
Non-Mechanical
Mesenteric Artery Occlusion
Spinal Injury
Paralytic Ileus
2 mins
Intestinal Obstruction
Partial/Early Obstruction
Severe Abdominal Pain
Vomiting
High Pitched Bowel Sounds
Abdominal Distention
Increased Peristalsis
Total/Neurogenic Obstruction
Absent Bowel Sounds
Paralytic Ileus
1 min
Hirschsprung's Disease
Mechanism
Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon
No Peristalsis
Assessment
No Meconium Within 24 Hours
Refusal to Feed
Abdominal Distention
No Stool on Rectal Exam
Forceful Expulsion of Fecal Material After Exam
Interventions
Surgical Resection
Colostomy
2 mins
Celiac Disease
Cause
Intestinal Mucosa Damage
Ingestion Wheat, Barley, Rye
Assessment
GI Distress
Steatorrhea
Weight Loss
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Interventions
Gluten-free Diet
Considerations
Screening
2 mins
Crohn's Disease Assessment
Diarrhea
5-6 per day
Cramping Abdominal Pain
Fever
Weight Loss
Malabsorption
Anemia
Complications
Obstruction
Fistulas
2 mins
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