Wayne Shared "DNPR" - 241 Picmonics
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DNPR
Migraine Headaches Signs and Symptoms
- Signs and Symptoms
- More Common in Women
- Exacerbated by Activity
- Unilateral Pulsating Pain
- Aura
- Photophobia and Phonophobia
- Nausea/Vomiting
- Duration
- 4 hours to 3 Days
1 min
Migraine Headache Treatments
- Acute Treatment
- Avoid Triggers
- Sumatriptan
- NSAIDs
- Preventative Treatment
- Beta Blockers
- Calcium Channel Blockers
- Amitriptyline
- Topiramate (Anticonvulsants)
1 min
Tension Headache
- Presentation
- More Common in Women
- Bilateral Band-like Pain
- Occipital and Neck region
- Exacerbated by Stress
- Exacerbated by Fatigue
- Duration
- > 30 Minutes
- Acute Treatment
- Relaxation
- Caffeine
- NSAIDs
- Acetaminophen
- Preventative Treatment
- Amitriptyline
1 min
Cluster Headache
- Presentation
- More Common in Men
- Unilateral Periorbital Headache
- Ipsilateral Tearing
- Precipitated by Alcohol
- Stabbing Pain
- Duration
- 15 min - 3 Hours
- Repetitive Attacks in Clusters
- Treatment
- High Flow 100% O2
- Ergots
- Sumatriptan
2 mins
Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)
- Tic Douloureux
- Cranial Nerve V - Trigeminal Nerve
- Characteristics
- Stabbing Unilateral Facial Pain
- Facial Spasms
- Psychological Disturbances
- More Common in Women > 60 Years Old
- DIAGNOSIS
- Diagnosis by Clinical Impression
- MRI
- Treatment
- Carbamazepine
- Surgery As Last Resort
3 mins
Alzheimer's Disease Assessment (Early Symptoms)
- Risk Factors
- Advanced Age
- Early Signs and Symptoms
- Poor Judgment and Decision-Making
- Difficulty Having a Conversation
- Inability to Manage a Budget
- Losing Track of the Date or Season
- Misplacing Things
1 min
5 A's of Alzheimer's Disease
- Agnosia
- Anomia
- Aphasia
- Apraxia
- Amnesia
1 min
Alzheimer's Disease Interventions
- Diagnostic Tests
- PET Scan and CT
- Mini-Mental State Examination
- Interventions
- Drug Therapy
- Safe Environment
- Moderate Exercise
- Behavioral Modification
- Assistance with Functional Independence
- Assistance and Support for Caregiver
2 mins
Alzheimer's Disease Assessment (Late Symptoms)
- Late Signs and Symptoms
- Memory Impairment
- Wandering Behavior
- Confabulation
- Perseveration
- Lack of Abstract Thinking
- Severe Cognitive Decline
1 min
Alzheimer Disease
- Most common cause of dementia in elderly
- Down syndrome patients have an Increased risk of developing Alzheimer
- Associated with the following altered proteins:
- EARLY ONSET (Familial)
- APP (Chr 21)
- Presenilin-1
- Presenilin-2
- LATE ONSET (sporadic)
- ApoE4 in Chr 19: Increases risk of sporadic form
- ApoE2 in Chr 19: Decreases risk of sporadic form (protective) due to Increase in Ach
- Findings
- Decrease Acetylcholine (ACh)
- Widespread cortical atrophy (Narrowing of gyri and widening of sulci)
- Senile plaques (Amyloid Beta plaques)
- Neurofibrillary tangles
- Can lead to intracranial hemorrhage
- Hyperphosphorylated tau protein
- The hippocampus is the area of the brain demostrating the greatest degree of atrophy. Hippocampal atrophy in MRI is highly suggestive of the diagnosis.
Multiple Sclerosis Interventions
- Drug Therapy
- Corticosteroids
- Interferon Beta
- Dimethyl Fumarate (Tecfidera)
- Fingolimod (Gilenya)
- Mitoxantrone (Novantrone)
- Natalizumab (Tysabri)
- Considerations
- Increase Exercise
- Identify Triggers
2 mins
Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms and Diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Optic Neuritis
- Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia
- Scanning Speech
- Urinary and Fecal Incontinence
- Motor Issues (Intention Tremor, Paresis)
- Numbness and Pain
- Depression
- Relapsing Symptoms
- Diagnosis
- Gold Standard = Plaques on MRI
- Increased CSF Immunoglobulins (IgG)
- Oligoclonal Bands
4 mins
Multiple Sclerosis Features and Mechanisms
- Features
- More Common in Women
- Presents in 20's and 30's
- Northern Europeans
- Mechanism
- Unknown mechanism, genetic factor
- HLA-DRB1
- Autoimmune Demyelination of CNS
- White Matter of Brain and Spinal Cord
- T Cell Mediated Inflammation
2 mins
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia
- ETIOLOGY
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus
- Mechanism
- CN VI Nucleus
- CN III Nucleus
2 mins
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
- Assessment
- Progressive Muscle Weakness
- Systemic Muscle Wasting
- Fasciculations
- Spasticity
- Fatigue
- Considerations
- Riluzole (Rilutek)
- Stretching
- Little to No Cognitive Decline
- Respiratory Support
- Palliative Care
2 mins
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Mechanism and Deficiency
- Mechanism
- Cobalamin
- Large reserve pool in the liver
- Homocysteine to methionine
- Methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA
- Deficiency Signs and Symptoms
- Macrocytic Megaloblastic Anemia
- Hypersegmented Neutrophils
- Neurologic defects
- Posterior column
- Lateral corticospinal tract
- Spinocerebellar tract
5 mins
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Deficiency Causes
- Causes
- Vegans
- Pernicious Anemia
- Gastric Bypass Surgery
- Malabsorption
- Sprue
- Enteritis
- Crohn's Disease
- Diphyllobothrium latum
4 mins
Myasthenia Gravis
- Mechanism
- Antibodies to Acetylcholine Receptor
- Symptoms
- Ptosis
- Diplopia
- Weakness with Muscle Use
- Respiratory Death
- Thymus Associated
- Treatment
- Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
- Plasmapheresis
- Thymectomy
1 min
Glasgow Coma Scale
- LOC Assessment
- Score of 3 to 15
- 8 or Less = Coma
- Eye Opening
- Verbal Response
- Motor Response
1 min
Delirium
- Mechanism
- Rapid Onset
- Reversible
- Assessment
- Hallucinations
- Decline in Cognition
- Short Attention Span
- Rapid Speech
- Change in Activity Level
- Mood Swings
2 mins
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