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Wayne Shared "ALL Term 5 MNI Part 2 of 2 (ALL)" - 503 Picmonics

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ALL Term 5 MNI Part 2 of 2 (ALL)

Multiple Sclerosis Interventions
Drug Therapy
Corticosteroids
Interferon Beta
Dimethyl Fumarate (Tecfidera)
Fingolimod (Gilenya)
Mitoxantrone (Novantrone)
Natalizumab (Tysabri)
Considerations
Increase Exercise
Identify Triggers
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2 mins
Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms and Diagnosis
Symptoms
Optic Neuritis
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia
Scanning Speech
Urinary and Fecal Incontinence
Motor Issues (Intention Tremor, Paresis)
Numbness and Pain
Depression
Relapsing Symptoms
Diagnosis
Gold Standard = Plaques on MRI
Increased CSF Immunoglobulins (IgG)
Oligoclonal Bands
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4 mins
Multiple Sclerosis Features and Mechanisms
Features
More Common in Women
Presents in 20's and 30's
Northern Europeans
Mechanism
Unknown mechanism, genetic factor
HLA-DRB1
Autoimmune Demyelination of CNS
White Matter of Brain and Spinal Cord
T Cell Mediated Inflammation
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2 mins
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia
ETIOLOGY
Multiple Sclerosis
Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus
Mechanism
CN VI Nucleus
CN III Nucleus
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2 mins
Hyponatremia
Assessment
< 135 mEq Na+
Nausea and Vomiting
Decreased LOC
Confusion / Lethargy
Seizures
Priority Interventions
Assess Airway
Reduce Diuretic Dosage
Fluid Excess Hyponatremia
Mannitol (Osmitrol)
Fluid Restriction
Fluid Deficit Hyponatremia
Hypertonic Solution (3% or 5% NaCl)
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2 mins
Beriberi (Thiamine Deficiency)
Thiamine Deficiency
Dry Beriberi
Polyneuritis
Muscle Wasting
Wet Beriberi
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Edema
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51 secs
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Mechanism
Branched-chain Ketoacid Dehydrogenase
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
Alpha-ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase
Transketolase
DEFICIENCY EFFECTS
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
Beriberi
ATP Depletion
Aerobic Tissues Like Brain and Heart Affected First
Considerations
Deficiency Can Worsen with Glucose Infusion
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2 mins
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Occurs Most Commonly in Kids
Posterior Fossa
Cerebellum
Well Circumscribed
GFAP
Rosenthal Fibers
Eosinophilic Corkscrew Fibers
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1 min
Meningioma
Epidemiology
Most Common Adult Primary Brain Tumor
pathology
Benign
Originate from Arachnoid Villi
Dural Attachment
Parasagittal
Clinical Manifestations
Contralateral Leg Weakness
Seizures
Diagnosis
Psammoma Bodies
Calcifications
Increased Bone Density
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3 mins
Medulloblastoma
Pathophysiology
Occurs in Children
Cerebellum
Fourth Ventricle
Diagnosis
Small Blue Cells
Lots of Mitotic Figures
Homer Wright Rosettes
Signs and Symptoms
Hydrocephalus
Ataxia
Wide-based Gait
Treatment
Radiosensitive
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2 mins
Ependymoma
Occur in Children
Fourth Ventricle
Hydrocephalus
Perivascular Pseudorosettes
Rod Shaped Blepharoplasts
Cauda Equina in Adults
Poor Prognosis
Neurofibromatosis Type II
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2 mins
Schwannoma
Characteristics
Acoustic Schwannoma
Cranial Nerve VIII
Cerebellopontine Angle
S100 Positive
Bilateral Schwannoma in Neurofibromatosis Type 2
Tinnitus
Cranial Nerve V
Affects Corneal Reflex
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2 mins
Glioblastoma Multiforme
Most Common Malignant Primary Brain Tumor
Grade 4 Astrocytoma
Can Cross Corpus Callosum
Butterfly Glioma
Pseudo-palisading Tumor Cells
Areas of Necrosis and Hemorrhage
Stain Astrocytes for Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP)
Grave Prognosis
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2 mins
Oligodendroglioma
Slow growing tumor
Frontal lobe
Chicken Wire Pattern
Fried egg appearance
Calcifications
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32 secs
Cocaine Intoxication Assessment
Euphoria
Delusions
Mydriasis
Hallucinations
Agitation
Hypertension
Arrhythmias
Hyperthermia
Seizures
Nasal Septum Perforation
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2 mins
Benzodiazepines Overview
Indications
First Line for Status Epilepticus
Anesthesia Induction
Anxiety
Eclampsia
Detoxification
Mechanism of Action
'-zepam' and '-zolam' Suffix
Increase Frequency of Cl- Channel Opening
Side Effects
Decrease REM Sleep
CNS Depression
Dependence
Antidote
Flumazenil for Overdose
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2 mins
Benzodiazepine Antidote
Antidote
Flumazenil
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40 secs
Amphetamines Intoxication Assessment
Euphoria
Insomnia
Mydriasis
Diaphoresis
Hypertension
Tachycardia
Paranoia
Anxiety
Anorexia
Seizures
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2 mins
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Interventions
Drug Therapy
CNS Stimulants
Amphetamine
Methylphenidate
Bupropion (Wellbutrin)
Atomoxetine (Strattera)
Guanfacine (Intuniv)
Considerations
Manage Disruptive Behavior
Provide Simple Instructions
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2 mins
Nicotine
Mechanism of Action
Nicotine binds to a4b2 subunit of nACh receptor
This causes influx of Na+ and Ca2+
Ca2+ Binds to calmodulin
Dopamine is released
Also when N binds to nACh receptor: Ach, Epi, 5-HT, GABA, Endorphins and Glutamate are released (lots of good feelings...nicotine is very addictive!)
Side Effects
Insomnia
Nausea
Parital Agonist for Smoking Tx
Varenicline
Cytisine
Chronic smoking leads to a decrease in MAO so on a regular basis will have increases in NE, ACh, 5-HT etc
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1 min

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