Skeletal Muscle Contraction Action
Calcium Binds Troponin Active Site Exposed Many Mitochondria Produce ATP Myosin Head Binds Power Stroke Myosin Head Releases Active Site ATP Consumed Skeletal Muscle Contraction Initiation
Somatic Motor Neuron Releases Acetylcholine Acetylcholine Causes Sodium Influx Cell Reaches All-or-Nothing Threshold Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels Undergo Conformational Change Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Causes Calcium Flood Calcium Flood Enters Myofibrils Muscle Types
Skeletal Muscle Somatic Nervous System Striated Multinucleate Cardiac Muscle Autonomic Nervous System Myogenic Gap Junctions Uninucleate Smooth Muscle Muscle Energy
Active Direct Reciprocal Inhibition Respiratory Assistance Post-Isometric Relaxation Isotonic Isolytic Critically Ill Fractures Acute Injury Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs
Names Include "Cur" Competitive Antagonists Acetylcholine Competition Reversal of Blockade Neostigmine, Edrophonium Succinylcholine
Inducing Paralysis Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs Motor Nicotinic Receptor ACh Receptor Agonist Depolarization Phase I (Paralysis Non-reversible) Phase II (Paralysis Reversible) Neostigmine (Reversal Agent) Lambert-Eaton Syndrome
Autoantibody to the Presynaptic Calcium Channel on Motor Neurons Inhibits Acetylcholine (ACh) Release at Neuromuscular Junction Paraneoplastic Syndrome Small Cell Lung Cancer Proximal Muscle Weakness Improves with Muscle Use Autonomic Symptoms Extraocular Muscle Sparing Clostridium botulinum
Bacillus Gram-positive Anaerobe Spore-forming Heat Labile Toxin Inhibits Acetylcholine (Ach) Release at Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) Canned Food in Adults Spores in Honey Descending Flaccid Paralysis Diplopia Ptosis Floppy Baby Constipation Clostridium tetani
Gram-Positive Bacilli Obligate Anaerobic Exotoxin Spore-Forming Renshaw Cells in the Spinal Cord Blocks Glycine and GABA Release Spasms Risus Sardonicus Lockjaw Opisthotonus 11 Beta-Hydroxylase Deficiency
Decreased Cortisol Decreased Aldosterone Increased Sex Hormones Increased 11 Deoxycorticosterone (11 DOC) Hypertension Masculinization Staphylococcus aureus Disease
Skin Infections Impetigo Abscesses Exfoliative Toxin Scalded Skin Syndrome Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSST 1) Binds to MHC II and T Cell Receptor Food Poisoning Acute Bacterial Endocarditis Pneumonia Osteomyelitis Clostridium perfringens
Gram-Positive Rod-Shaped Anaerobe Spore-Forming Alpha Toxin Lecithinase Phospholipase Double-Zone Hemolysis Heat Labile Enterotoxin Myonecrosis Gas Gangrene Food Poisoning and Diarrhea Hyperbaric O2 Chamber Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Gram-Positive Bacillus Exotoxin ADP Ribosylation of Elongation Factor 2 Beta Prophage Lysogeny Tellurite Agar Chinese Letters Metachromatic Blue Red Granules Aniline Stains Deeply Methylene Blue Pseudomembranous Pharyngitis Lymphadenopathy Myocarditis Polyneuritis Streptococcus pyogenes Characteristics
Group A Streptococci (GAS) Gram-Positive Cocci Beta-Hemolytic Catalase-Negative Bacitracin-Sensitive Hyaluronic Acid Capsule Streptolysin O DNase Streptokinase Exotoxin A Pyrrolidonyl Arylamidase (PYR) Positive Streptococcus Pyogenes Disease
Pyogenic Pyogenic Pharyngitis Impetigo Cellulitis Toxigenic Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome Scarlet Fever Sandpaper Rash Strawberry Tongue Immunologic Rheumatic Fever Antibodies to M Protein Acute Glomerulonephritis (Post Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis) E. coli Overview
Gram-Negative Bacillus Purple Colony with Metallic Green Sheen Lactose-Fermenting Pink on MacConkey Agar Diarrhea Lipid A Septic Shock P Pili Pyelonephritis and Cystitis K Capsule Neonatal Meningitis K Capsule Pneumonia H Antigen Flagella Glycolysis
Glucose Hexokinase or Glucokinase Glucose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Aldolase Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 3-phosphoglycerate 2-phosphoglycerate Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) Pyruvate Kinase Pyruvate Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Acetyl-CoA Anaerobic Respiration
Cytosol Glucose Glycolysis Substrate-level Phosphorylation 2 NADH 2 Net ATP 2 Pyruvate Fermentation NAD+ Regeneration Waste Byproduct Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
Acetyl-CoA + Oxaloacetate Citric Acid Isocitric Acid Produces NADH Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid Produces NADH Succinyl CoA Produces GTP Succinate Produces FADH2 Fumarate Uses Water Malate Produces NADH Oxaloacetate
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